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Traffic Signal Control System: Switching of Traffic Lights, Inputs and Outputs, State Machine

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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
Lesson No. 37
REDUCED NUMBER OF INPUT LATCHES
The number of latches used to store the external inputs can be reduced to two if the
REQ1, FLOOR1 and OPEN button outputs (pressed when elevator is on the first floor) are
stored on one latch and the REQ2, FLOOR2 and OPEN button outputs pressed when elevator
is on the second floor) are stored on the second latch. This also simplifies the Boolean
expressions required to generate the excitation inputs for the next states. The next state table
for REQ1, FLOOR1 and OPEN inputs indicates that the REQ1 can be pressed at any time
either on the first floor or the second floor. The FLOOR1 request can also be pressed at any
time, however if the elevator is already on the first floor then requests for FLOOR1 can be
discarded. Similarly, if OPEN button is pressed when the elevator is on the first floor is
considered as a valid request. The Boolean expressions that set the latch SR1 is
REQ1 + FLOOR1.DIR + OPEN.DIR . The circuit diagram of the SR1 latch is shown. Figure
37.1.
Re set
Q
DOOR.MOTION.DIR
REQ1
DIR
FLOOR1
Set
DIR
OPEN
Figure 37.1 SR1 latch which stores the status of the REQ1, FLOOR1 and OPEN buttons
The DIR variable indicates the current floor. IF DIR=0, the elevator is on the first floor and if
DIR=1, the elevator is on the second floor. Similarly, the OPEN input sets the SR1 latch when
it is pressed when the elevator is on the first floor. The simplified next state table for inputs
REQ1, FLOOR1 and OPEN in terms of SR1 latch is shown. Table 37.1.
Present
Next
Next
State
State
State
SR1=0
SR1=1
W1(000)  x
x
C1(100)  C1
W1
UP(110)  x
x
W2(001)  C2
DO
C2(101)  C2
DO
DO(111)  x
x
Table 37.1
Simplified State table for Elevator Control for REQ1, FLOOR1 and OPEN inputs
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
The state of inputs REQ2, FLOOR2 and OPEN can similarly be represented by
setting/resetting the second latch SR2. The circuit diagram and the Boolean expression can
similarly be represented. Figure 37.2 and Table 37.2.
Re set
Q
DOOR.MOTION.DIR
REQ2
DIR
FLOOR2
Set
DIR
OPEN
Figure 37.2 SR2 latch which stores the status of the REQ2, FLOOR2 and OPEN buttons
Present
Next
Next
State
State
State
SR2=0
SR2=1
W1(000)  C1
UP
C1(100)  C1
UP
UP(110)  x
x
W2(001)  x
x
C2(101)  C2
W2
DO(111)  x
x
Table 37.2
Simplified State table for Elevator Control for REQ2, FLOOR2 and OPEN inputs
The modified Block diagram of the Elevator State Machine which uses the two SR1,
SR2 latches instead of the previously discussed five latches is shown. Figure 37.3. The Next
State Combinational Circuit block is replaced by latches SR1 and SR2 which handle the
REQ1, FLOOR1, REQ2, FLOOR2 and OPEN external inputs. The external input ARRIVE is
connected to the Next State Combinational circuit along with the Present State inputs which
determine the excitation inputs for the memory element.
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
Figure 37.3 Modified Block diagram of the Elevator State Machine
The Next State Table for the Elevator State Machine based on the inputs SR1, SR2
and ARRIVAL is shown. Table 37.3. The Next State table is implemented using the two
simplified state tables, table 37.1 and table 37.2 and the ARRIVE input.
Present
Next
Next
Next
Next
Next State
Next State
State
State
State
State
State
SR1=0
SR1=1
SR2=0
SR2=1
ARRIVAL=0
ARRIVAL=1
W1(000)
x
x
C1(100)
UP(110)
x
x
C1(100)
C1(100)
W1(000)
C1(100)
UP(110)
x
x
UP(110)
x
x
x
x
UP(110)
W2(001)
W2(001)
C2(101)
DO(111)
x
x
x
x
C2(101)
C2(101)
DO(111)
C2(101)
W2(001)
x
x
DO(111)
x
x
x
x
DO(111)
W1(000)
Table 37.3
The Next State Table based on SR1, SR2 and ARRIVAL inputs
The ABEL Input file for Elevator State Machine
The main declaration and definition sections of the ABEL input file for the Elevator
State Machine are described. Table 36.4.
The SR1, SR1_, SR2, SR2_ variables are the S-R latch Q and Q outputs for latches
SR1 and SR2. These latches are implemented using the AND-OR gates of the PLD device,
there outputs are available at the output pins 16, 17, 18 and 19 of the GAL16V8 device. These
outputs are generated by combinational circuits therefore these outputs are defined as
ISTYPE `com.buffer'. These outputs are feed back to the AND gate array for connection to the
D flip-flops. The outputs from the three D flip-flops, DOOR, MOTION and DIR are declared as
ISTYPE `reg.buffer' as these three outputs are the outputs of the sequential circuit D flip-flops
in the OLMC modules. Table 36.4a.
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
Pin Declaration
CLK, !OLE
Pin
1,11;
REQ1, REQ2
Pin
2,3;
FLOOR1, FLOOR2, OPEN, ARRIVE Pin
4, 5, 6, 7;
SR1, SR1_
Pin
16, 17 ISTYPE `com.buffer';
SR2, SR2_
Pin
18, 19 ISTYPE `com.buffer';
DOOR, MOTION, DIR
Pin
12, 13, 14 ISTYPE `reg.buffer';
Table 36.4a
Pin Declarations of the Elevator Input and Output signals
The operation of the Sequential state machine in the ABEL file is defined in the form of
a State diagram instead of Boolean expressions. Before defining the State Diagram, all the
states are defined. The six states can be defined using the statement WAIT1 = [0,0,0],
CLOSE1 = [1,0,0] etc. The alternate method for defining the states is by prefixing the binary
number with ^B. Table 37.4b.
State Definition
CONSTATE = [DOOR, MOTION, DIR];
WAIT1
= ^B000;
CLOSE1
= ^B100;
UP
= ^B110;
WAIT2 = ^B001;
CLOSE2
= ^B101;
DOWN = ^B111;
Table 37.4b
State Definition of the Elevator Controller
The statements defining the State diagram for the Elevator State Machine are derived from the
State Table. Table 37.3. The State Diagram definition is defined in Table 37.4c.
State Diagram
State_diagram CONSTATE
State WAIT1:
if (SR2) then UP else CLOSE1;
State CLOSE1:
if (SR2) then UP else if SR1 then WAIT1 else CLOSE1;
State UP:
if (ARRIVE) then WAIT2 else UP;
State WAIT2:
if (SR1) then DOWN else CLOSE2;
State CLOSE2:
if (SR1) then DOWN else if SR2 then WAIT2 else CLOSE2;
State DOWN:
if (ARRIVE) then WAIT1 else DOWN;
Table 37.4c
State diagram for the Elevator Controller
The equations defining the Set and Reset input for the two latches SR1 and SR2 are defined
in the Equation Definition part of the ABEL input file. The CONSTATE.CLK = Clock is used to
indicate that the CONSTATE state variables change on a clock transition. Table 37.4d. The
`FB' indicates that the DOOR, MOTION and DIR output signals are feed back to the AND gate
array.
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
Equation Definition
CONSTATE.CLK = Clock;
SR1  = REQ1 # !DIR.FB & OPEN # DIR.FB & FLOOR1 # !SR1_;
SR1_ = (!DOOR.FB & !MOTION.FB & !DIR.FB) # !SR1;
SR2  = REQ2 # !DIR.FB & OPEN # DIR.FB & FLOOR2 # !SR2_;
SR2_ = (!DOOR.FB & !MOTION.FB & DIR.FB) # !SR2;
Table 37.4d
Equations for the latches SR1 and SR2
A separate GAL16V8 is used to implement the 7-Segment floor display and the Up and
Down direction arrows. The floor display circuit is a combinational circuit which uses the
MOTION and DIR inputs two determine the floor number and the direction of the display
arrow.
Design Example: Traffic Signal Control System
A road intersection is shown on the diagram. Figure 37.4. On each section of the road
two sensors determine the presence and arrival of vehicles. Sensor 1 is activated if a car is
waiting and Sensor 2 is activated when an arriving vehicle passes over the sensor. The
sensors installed on the North and South section of the road are connected together and
determine the presence of vehicle(s) on the North-South section of the road. The sensors
installed on the East and West section of the road are connected together and determine the
presence of vehicle(s) on the East-West section of the Road. During the day when traffic flow
is heavy at the intersection, the traffic light is cycled every 5 minutes. That is, the traffic signal
controlling the North-South section is Green for 5 minutes and then Red for 5 minutes,
Similarly, the traffic signal controlling the East-west section is Red for 5 minutes and Green for
the next 5 minutes. During the night when traffic is relatively light it stops a car for a maximum
time of 1 minute, unless a car approaches the intersection on the cross road in which case the
traffic signal turns red and stops the approaching car and allows the waiting car to proceed.
For example, a car is waiting at South approach of the intersection. A car approaching the
intersection on the cross road from the East direction is stopped and the waiting car on the
South section is allowed to proceed. The approaching car is detected by Sensor 2 installed on
the East road section. If no other cars are arriving at the intersection the waiting car on the
East approach is allowed to proceed after 1 minute.
Traffic Signal Controller Inputs and Outputs
The State Machine which controls the Traffic Signal has several inputs and outputs.
The inputs are the
·  NSSR: The NSSR is activated when a car is over either of the four sensors on the North-
South section of the road
·  EWSR: The EWSR is activated when a car is over either of the four sensors on the East-
West section of the road
A Timer is used to count the 5 minute and 1 minute traffic signal cycle during the day and
night. Two signals LTIME and STIME provide the timing inputs to the State Machine.
·  LTIME:
The LTIME signal is activated if 5 minutes have elapsed; the signal remains
active unless the timer is reset.
·  STIME:
The STIME signal is activated if 1 minute has elapsed; the signal remains
active unless the timer is reset.
The outputs of the State Machine are
·  NSGrn:
The Green signal controlling the traffic on the North-South section
·  NSYel:
The Yellow signal controlling the traffic on the North-South section
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
·
NSRed:  The Red signal controlling the traffic on the North-South section
·
EWGrn:  The Green signal controlling the traffic on the East-West section
·
EWYel:
The Yellow signal controlling the traffic on the East-West section
·
EWRed:  The Red signal controlling the traffic on the East-West section
·
TMRST:  The Reset signal which resets the timer after the LTIME or the STIME signals
are activated to indicate a time interval of 5 and 1 minutes respectively.
North
West
East
South
G
Y
G Y R
R
Sensor 1
R
RYG
Traffic Signal
Y
G
Sensor 2
Figure 37.4  The Traffic signals and sensors at a Traffic Intersection
Assuming that the initial state is the NSG (North-South Green) State, during the day time the
LTIME timer output is available as an input signal to the State Machine. As long as LTIME is
inactive the State Machine remains in its current state NSG, otherwise it switches to the next
state NSY (North-South Yellow). During the night time the STIME timer output is available as
an input signal to the State machine. If the STIME is inactive the State Machine remains in its
current state NSG, otherwise it switches to the NSY state. If a car arrives at the East-West
cross road it is made to stop, that is when EWSR.NSSR , the state NSG remains unchanged.
If cars arrive on both the NS and EW sections, both the cars have to be stopped and the state
changes to NSY. If a car arrives at the NS section it has to be stopped therefore the state
changes to NSY. The information is represented by a flowchart. Figure 37.5
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
The State Machine can be implemented using a GAL16V8 device. The declaration and
definition parts of the ABEL input file for the Traffic Light Controller are described in tables.
Table 37.5
EWSR.NSSR
EWSR.NSSR
NSSR
Figure 37.5
Flow chart of conditions which switch the state from NSG to NSY
The pin declaration defines the pins for the CLOCK, NSSR, EWSR, LTIME and STIME
inputs to the Traffic Light Controller and the pins for the Q0, Q1, Q2 State variable outputs and
the Timer reset TMRST outputs. The state variable outputs are available from the D flip-flops
of the OLMC modules and are available in the inverted form, therefore they are defined of type
`reg.invert'. The TMRST signal is an active low signal which resets the counter when the
Controller switches to certain states. The TMRST is an active low signal and is based on a
combinational circuit therefore its is defined of type `com.invert'. Table 37.5a
Pin Declaration
CLOCK, !OLE
pin 1, 11;
NSSR, EWSR, LTIME, STIME
pin 2, 3, 8, 9;
Q0, Q1, Q2
pin 17, 16, 15 ISTYPE `reg.invert';
TMRST
pin 14 ISTYPE `com.invert';
Table 37.5a
Pin Declarations for the Input and Output pins to the Controller circuit
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
Definitions
TRSTATE = [Q2, Q1, Q0];
NSG
= [ 0 ,  0,  0];
NSY
= [ 0,  0,  1];
NSY2
= [ 0,  1,  1];
NSR
= [ 0,  1,  0];
EWG
= [ 1,  1,  0];
EWY
= [ 1,  1,  1];
EWY2
= [ 1,  0,  1];
EWR
= [ 1,  0,  0];
Table 37.5b
State definitions for the Traffic Light Controller
State Diagram TRSTATE
State NSG:
if (!STIME) then NSG
else if (LTIME) then NSY
else if (EWSR & !NSSR) then NSG
else if (EWSR & NSSR) then NSY
else if (!NSSR) then NSG
else NSY;
State NSY:
goto NSY2;
State NSY2:
goto NSR;
State NSR:
goto EWG;
State EWG:
if (!STIME) then EWG
else if (LTIME) then EWY
else if (NSSR & !EWSR) then EWG
else if (EWSR & NSSR) then EWY
else if (!EWSR) then EWG
else EWY;
State EWY:
goto EWY2;
State EWY2:
goto EWR;
State EWR:
goto NSG;
Table 37.5c
State Diagram for the Traffic Light Controller
The Controller operation is defined by using a State Diagram. Before defining the State
Diagram the States have to be defined. The Traffic Light Controller has eight states. Each
State is defined using three state variables. The state assignment used restricts the bit
changes when switching from one state to the next to a single bit. Table 37.5b.
The ABEL State Diagram statements define each state and the transition to the next
state. The transition from the present state NSG to the next state NSG or NSY depending
upon the external inputs is defined in State Diagram statements. Table 37.5c.
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Table of Contents:
  1. AN OVERVIEW & NUMBER SYSTEMS
  2. Binary to Decimal to Binary conversion, Binary Arithmetic, 1’s & 2’s complement
  3. Range of Numbers and Overflow, Floating-Point, Hexadecimal Numbers
  4. Octal Numbers, Octal to Binary Decimal to Octal Conversion
  5. LOGIC GATES: AND Gate, OR Gate, NOT Gate, NAND Gate
  6. AND OR NAND XOR XNOR Gate Implementation and Applications
  7. DC Supply Voltage, TTL Logic Levels, Noise Margin, Power Dissipation
  8. Boolean Addition, Multiplication, Commutative Law, Associative Law, Distributive Law, Demorgan’s Theorems
  9. Simplification of Boolean Expression, Standard POS form, Minterms and Maxterms
  10. KARNAUGH MAP, Mapping a non-standard SOP Expression
  11. Converting between POS and SOP using the K-map
  12. COMPARATOR: Quine-McCluskey Simplification Method
  13. ODD-PRIME NUMBER DETECTOR, Combinational Circuit Implementation
  14. IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ODD-PARITY GENERATOR CIRCUIT
  15. BCD ADDER: 2-digit BCD Adder, A 4-bit Adder Subtracter Unit
  16. 16-BIT ALU, MSI 4-bit Comparator, Decoders
  17. BCD to 7-Segment Decoder, Decimal-to-BCD Encoder
  18. 2-INPUT 4-BIT MULTIPLEXER, 8, 16-Input Multiplexer, Logic Function Generator
  19. Applications of Demultiplexer, PROM, PLA, PAL, GAL
  20. OLMC Combinational Mode, Tri-State Buffers, The GAL16V8, Introduction to ABEL
  21. OLMC for GAL16V8, Tri-state Buffer and OLMC output pin
  22. Implementation of Quad MUX, Latches and Flip-Flops
  23. APPLICATION OF S-R LATCH, Edge-Triggered D Flip-Flop, J-K Flip-flop
  24. Data Storage using D-flip-flop, Synchronizing Asynchronous inputs using D flip-flop
  25. Dual Positive-Edge triggered D flip-flop, J-K flip-flop, Master-Slave Flip-Flops
  26. THE 555 TIMER: Race Conditions, Asynchronous, Ripple Counters
  27. Down Counter with truncated sequence, 4-bit Synchronous Decade Counter
  28. Mod-n Synchronous Counter, Cascading Counters, Up-Down Counter
  29. Integrated Circuit Up Down Decade Counter Design and Applications
  30. DIGITAL CLOCK: Clocked Synchronous State Machines
  31. NEXT-STATE TABLE: Flip-flop Transition Table, Karnaugh Maps
  32. D FLIP-FLOP BASED IMPLEMENTATION
  33. Moore Machine State Diagram, Mealy Machine State Diagram, Karnaugh Maps
  34. SHIFT REGISTERS: Serial In/Shift Left,Right/Serial Out Operation
  35. APPLICATIONS OF SHIFT REGISTERS: Serial-to-Parallel Converter
  36. Elevator Control System: Elevator State Diagram, State Table, Input and Output Signals, Input Latches
  37. Traffic Signal Control System: Switching of Traffic Lights, Inputs and Outputs, State Machine
  38. Traffic Signal Control System: EQUATION DEFINITION
  39. Memory Organization, Capacity, Density, Signals and Basic Operations, Read, Write, Address, data Signals
  40. Memory Read, Write Cycle, Synchronous Burst SRAM, Dynamic RAM
  41. Burst, Distributed Refresh, Types of DRAMs, ROM Read-Only Memory, Mask ROM
  42. First In-First Out (FIFO) Memory
  43. LAST IN-FIRST OUT (LIFO) MEMORY
  44. THE LOGIC BLOCK: Analogue to Digital Conversion, Logic Element, Look-Up Table
  45. SUCCESSIVE –APPROXIMATION ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL CONVERTER