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Octal Numbers, Octal to Binary Decimal to Octal Conversion

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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
Lesson No. 04
NUMBER SYSTEMS & CODES
Octal Numbers
Octal Number system also provides a convenient way to represent long string of binary
numbers. The Octal number is a base 8 number system with digits ranging from 0 to 7. Octal
number system was prevalent in earlier digital systems and is not used in modern digital
systems especially when the Hexadecimal number is available. Each Octal Number digit can
represent a 3-bit Binary Number. The Binary Numbers and the Octal equivalents are listed in
Table 4.1
Decimal
Binary
Octal
0
000
0
1
001
1
2
010
2
3
011
3
4
100
4
5
101
5
6
110
6
7
111
7
Table 4.1
Octal Equivalents of Decimal and Binary Numbers
Counting in Octal Number System
Counting in Octal is similar to counting in any other Number system. The maximum
value represented by a single Octal digit is 7. For representing larger values a combination of
two or more Octal digits has to be used. Thus decimal 8 is represented by a combination of
108. The subscript 8 indicates the number is Octal 10 and not decimal ten. The Octal Numbers
for Decimal numbers 8 to 30 are listed in Table 4.2
Decimal
Octal
Decimal
Octal
Decimal
Octal
8
10
16
20
24
30
9
11
17
21
25
31
10
12
18
22
26
32
11
13
19
23
27
33
12
14
20
24
28
34
13
15
21
25
29
35
14
16
22
26
30
36
15
17
23
27
31
37
Table 4.2
Counting using Octal Numbers
Binary to Octal Conversion
Converting Binary to Octal is a very simple. The Binary string is divided into small
groups of 3-bits starting from the least significant bit. Each 3-bit binary group is replaced by its
Octal equivalent.
111010110101110010110
Binary Number
111 010 110 101 110 010 110  Dividing into groups of 3-bits
7  2  6  5  6  2  6
Replacing each group by its Octal equivalent
Thus 111010110101110010110 is represented in Octal by 7265626
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
Binary strings which can not be exactly divided into a whole number of 3-bit groups are
assumed to have 0's appended in the most significant bits to complete a group.
1101100000110
Binary Number
1 101 100 000 110
Dividing into groups of 3-bits
001 101 100 000 110
Appending three 0s to complete the group
1  5  4  0  6
Replacing each group by its Octal equivalent
Octal to Binary Conversion
Converting from Octal back to binary is also very simple. Each digit of the Octal
number is replaced by an equivalent binary string of 3-bits
1726
Octal Number
001 111 010 110
Replacing each Octal digit by its 3-bit binary equivalent
Decimal to Octal Conversion
There are two methods to convert from Decimal to Octal. The first method is the
Indirect Method and the second method is the Repeated Division Method.
1. Indirect Method
A decimal number can be converted into its Octal equivalent indirectly by first
converting the decimal number into its binary equivalent and then converting the binary to
Octal.
2. Repeated Division-by-8 Method
The Repeated Division Method has been discussed earlier and used to convert
Decimal Numbers to Binary and Hexadecimal by repeatedly dividing the Decimal Number by 2
and 16 respectively. A decimal number can be directly converted into Octal by using repeated
division. The decimal number is continuously divided by 8 (base value of the Octal number
system).
The conversion of Decimal 2075 to Octal using the Repeated Division-by-8 Method is
illustrated in Table 4.3. The Octal equivalent of 207510 is 40338.
Number
Quotient after division
Remainder after division
2075
259
3
259
32
3
8
4
0
4
0
4
Table 4.3
Octal Equivalent of Decimal Numbers using Repeated Division
Octal to Decimal Conversion
Converting Octal Numbers to Decimal is done using two Methods. The first Method is
the Indirect Method and the second method is the Sum-of-Weights method.
1. Indirect Method
The indirect method of converting Octal number to decimal number is to first convert
Octal number to Binary and then Binary to Decimal.
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
2. Sum-of-Weights Method
An Octal number can be directly converted into Decimal by using the sum of weights
method. The conversion steps using the Sum-of-Weights method are shown.
4033
Octal number
4 x 83 + 0 x 82 + 3 x 81 + 3 x 80
Writing the number in an expression
(4 x 512) + (0 x 64) + (3 x 8) + (3 x 1)
2048 + 0 + 24 + 3
Summing the Weights
2075
Decimal equivalent
Octal Addition and Subtraction
Numbers represented in Octal can be added and subtracted directly without having to
convert them into decimal or binary equivalents. The rules of Addition and Subtraction that are
used to add and subtract numbers in Decimal or Binary number systems apply to Octal
Addition and Subtraction. Octal Addition and Subtractions allows large Binary numbers to be
quickly added and subtracted.
1. Octal Addition
Carry
1
Number 1
7
6
0
2
Number 2
5
7
7
1
Sum
1
5
5
7
3
3. Octal Subtraction
Borrow
1
1
Number 1
7
6
0
2
Number 2
5
7
7
1
Difference
1
6
1
1
Working with different Binary representations
There are different ways of representing numbers in binary. Four ways of representing
binary numbers have been already discussed.
·  Unsigned binary
·  Signed-Magnitude form
·  2's Complement form
·  Floating point notation
The different representations help in processing of numbers. For example 2's
complement based signed numbers help in handling positive and negative numbers. Floating
point notations help in handling numbers having an integer and a fraction part. Digital systems
generally allow processing of multiple data values that are of the same type. For example, one
number represented using unsigned binary can not be used to perform arithmetic operations
with another number represented using signed notation. Therefore before a digital system like
a computer is able to process data it has to be explicitly informed the types of data and the
manner in which they have been represented within the machine.
When computer Programs are written, usually as a first step of the program different
variables and their data types are declared and defined. During program execution when ever
a particular variable is accessed by the Computer it knows exactly the data type and the type
of operations that can be performed on it.
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
Alternate forms of Binary representations
There are many different ways to represent binary numbers, other than the 4
representation that we have discussed. Many of these alternate representations are used to
support specific applications and requirements. Biased Code or Excess Code is used by
floating point numbers to represent positive and negative exponent values.
In many applications in which Digital Systems are used, the Digital systems interact
with the real world. For example, a digital controller controls a motor which positions a solar
panel to point towards the sun to extract maximum solar energy. The controller needs to
accurately know the angle at which the panel is pointing; this can be determined by the
position of the shaft of the motor with respect to some reference point. The shaft position has
to be encoded in some suitable format to be of use to the controller. A shaft encoder based on
the Gray Code is used to read the angular position of the motor shaft.
The angular position of the motor shaft can be displayed on a 7-segment display panel
in terms of Decimal Numbers. BCD Code is used to display decimal digits on 7-Segment
Display Panels.
The Excess Code
Consider the decimal number range +7 to -8. These positive and negative decimal
numbers can be represented by the 2's complement representation. The magnitude of positive
and negative numbers can not be easily compared as the positive and negative numbers
represented in 2's complement form are not represented on a uniformly increasing scale.
The decimal number range +7 to -8 is represented using an Excess-8 code that
assigns 0000 to -8 the lowest number in the range and 1111 to +7 the highest number in the
range. Excess-8 code is obtained by adding a number to the lowest number -8 in the range
such that the result is zero. The number is 8. The number 8 is added to all the remaining
decimal numbers from -7 up to the highest number +7. The Excess-8 represented is presented
in Table 4.4.
Decimal
2's
Excess-8
Decimal
2's
Excess-8
Complement
Complement
0
0000
1000
-8
1000
0000
1
0001
1001
-7
1001
0001
2
0010
1010
-6
1010
0010
3
0011
1011
-5
1011
0011
4
0100
1100
-4
1100
0100
5
0101
1101
-3
1101
0101
6
0110
1110
-2
1110
0110
7
0111
1111
-1
1111
0111
Figure 4.4
Excess-8 Code Representation of decimal numbers in the range 7 to -8
The BCD Code
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) code is used to represent decimal digits in binary. BCD
code is a 4-bit binary code; the first 10 combinations represent the decimal digits 0 to 9. The
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
remaining six 4-bit combinations 1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110 and 1111 are considered to be
invalid and do not exist.
The BCD code representing the decimal digits 0 to 9 is shown in Table 4.4
Decimal
BCD
Decimal
BCD
0
0000
5
0101
1
0001
6
0110
2
0010
7
0111
3
0011
8
1000
4
0100
9
1001
Table 4.4
BCD representation of Decimal digits 0 to 9
To write 17, two BCD code for 1 and 7 are used 0001 and 0111. The two digits are
considered to be separate. The conventional method of representing decimal 17 using
unsigned binary is 10001. A telephone keypad having the digits 0 to 9 generates BCD codes
for the keys pressed.
Most digital systems display a count value or the time in decimal on 7-segment LED display
panels. Since the numbers displayed are in decimal, therefore the BCD Code is used to
display the decimal numbers. Consider a 2-digit 7-segment display that can display a count
value from 0 to 99. To display the two decimal digits two separate BCD codes are applied at
the two 7-segment display circuit inputs.
BCD Addition
Multi-digit BCD numbers can be added together.
23
0010 0011
45
0100 0101
68
0110 1000
The two 2-digit BCD numbers are added and generate a result in BCD. In the example the
least significant digits 3 and 5 add up to 8 which is a valid BCD representation. Similarly the
most significant digits 2 and 4 add up to 6 which also is a valid BCD representation.
Consider the next example where the least significant numbers add up to a number
greater than 9 for which there is no valid BCD code
23
0010 0011
48
0100 1000
71
0110 1011
For BCD numbers that add up to an invalid BCD number or generate a carry the number 6
(0110) is added to the invalid number. If a carry results, it is added to the next most significant
digit. Thus
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
0011
1000
1011
11 is generated which is an invalid BCD number
0110
6 is added
1 0001
A carry is generated which is added to the result of the next most significant digits
1
0110
0111
The answer is 0111 0001
The Gray Code
The Gray code does not have any weights assigned to its bit positions. The Gray Code
is not a positional code. The Gray code is different from the unsigned binary code as
successive values of Gray code differ by only one bit. Table 4.5 shows the Gray Code
representation of Decimal numbers 0 to 9.
Decimal
Gray
Binary
0
0000
0000
1
0001
0001
2
0011
0010
3
0010
0011
4
0110
0100
5
0111
0101
6
0101
0110
7
0100
0111
8
1100
1000
9
1101
1001
Table 4.5
Gray Code representation of Decimal values
The bits in bold change in successive values of Gray code representation
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
Gray Code Application
Figure 4.1
Binary and Gray Code based Shaft Encoders
The diagram shows a disk connected to the shaft of a rotating machine. The shaded
areas on the disk indicate conducting area at a voltage of +5 volts. The non-shaded areas
indicate a non-conducting area. Three stationary brushes A, B and C touch the surface of the
rotating disk. The three brushes are connected to three LED lamps through wires. As the disk
rotates the brushes come in contact with the conducting area and the insulated area. The
three LEDs display the position of the rotating shaft in terms of 3-bit numbers. Thus if the disk
on the right rotates in the anti-clockwise direction by 450 the Brush A comes in contact with the
conducting strip at 5 volts, which turns on the LED indicating Binary 001.
If the disk continuous its rotation, after a rotation of another 450, brush B comes in
contact with the conducting strip and brush A comes in contact with the non-conducting strip.
Thus LED connected to brush B lights up indicating binary 010. Thus at any instant of time, the
LEDs indicate the angular position of the rotating shaft.
Assume that the three brushes A, B and C are not aligned properly and Brush B is
slightly ahead of brushes A and C. Now if the disk rotates 900 from its start position. Brush A
would be in contact with the conducting strip, Brush B due to its misalignment would also be in
contact with the conducting strip and brush C would be in contact with the insulated strip. Thus
when the disk rotates the LEDs will show a 001, followed by a 011 for a short duration when
the disk rotates from 900 to 910 and then to 010. Thus due to misalignment the count value
jumped from 1 to 3 and then back to 2.
Consider the disk shown on the right. The conducting and non-conducting strips follow
a Gray Code pattern 000, 001, 011, 010, 110, 111, 101 and 100 representing decimal 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. Now even if the brushes are misaligned, the LEDs would always display the
correct count value. Thus a Gray Code based shaft encoder allows angular position of the
shaft to be determined even when the brushes are misaligned.
Alphanumeric Codes
All the representation studied so far allow decimal numbers to be represented in
binary. Digital systems also process text information as in editing of documents. Thus each
letter of the alphabet, upper case and lower case, along with the punctuation marks should
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
have a representation. Numbers are also written in textual form such as 2nd June 2003. The
ASCII Code is a universally accepted code that allows 128 characters and symbols to be
represented.
ASCII Code
The ASCII Code (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a 7-bit code
representing 128 unique codes which represent the alphabet characters A to Z in lower case
and upper case, the decimal numbers 0 to 9, punctuation marks and control characters.
·
ASCII codes 011 0000 (30h) to 011 1001 (39h) represents numbers 0 to 9
·
ASCII codes 110 0001 (61h) to 111 1010 (7Ah) represent lower case alphabets a to z
·
ASCII codes 100 0001 (41h) to 101 1010 (5Ah) represent upper case alphabets A to Z
·
ASCII codes 000 0000 (0h) to 001 1111 (1Fh) represent the 32 Control characters.
Extended ASCII Code
The 7-bit ASCII code only has 128 unique codes which are not enough to represent
some graphical characters displayed on Computer screens. An 8-bit code Extended ASCII
code gives 256 unique codes. The extended 128 unique codes represent graphic symbols
which have become an unofficial standard as vendors use their own interpretation of these
graphic codes.
Parity Method
Binary information which can be text or numbers is processed, stored and transmitted.
Although digital systems are extremely reliable but still there is a possibility that one bit gets
corrupted. That is, a 1 changes to 0 or 0 changes to 1. Many systems use a parity bit to detect
errors. A single parity based error detection scheme is not very practically efficient and more
elaborate and robust schemes have been designed and implemented to detect and correct
multiple bit errors. However, the use of a parity bit does help in understanding the basic
concept of error detection.
Consider that the 8-bit Extended ASCII Code is used to transmit text messages from
one location to another remote location. An extra bit is appended with the 8 data bits making a
total of nine bits. The 8-bits comprise the information that is to be stored or transmitted and the
extra parity bit is appended to check for any errors that might occur during the storage or
transmission of the information. Two schemes are used, Even Parity or Odd Parity essentially
the two schemes are identical except for a very minor difference.
Even Parity Method
The information 10001101 is to be transmitted to a remote location. A parity bit error
detection method is adopted to indicate if the information has been corrupted when it reaches
the other end. In the Even Parity method the number of 1s is counted in the information and
depending upon the number of 1s in the message the appended parity bit is either set to 0 or 1
to make the total number of 1s to be even (Even Parity)
The 8-bit data 10001101 has even number of 1s, therefore the parity bit which is
appended is set to 0. The 9-bit message is 100011010. The parity bit is indicated in Bold.
Suppose the message received at the other end of the wire shows the bits to be 101011010,
the underlined bit has changed from 0 to1. Before transmitting the message, the users at both
ends of the wire have agreed that they would be sending and receiving messages using even
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
parity. Thus the receiver on receiving the 9-bit message does a quick parity check. The total
number of bits including the parity bit should add up to an even number. However, in this case
the numbers of 1 in the message add up to 5 which indicates that a bit has been corrupted.
There is no way that the receiver can know the location of the corrupted bit in the message.
The only solution is to request the sender to retransmit the message. If two bits get corrupted
during the transmission, 101001010 then the total number of 1s remains the same and the
receiver would not be able to detect an error. If 3-bits get corrupted, 101000010 the user
would still be able to detect that an error has occurred, however there is no way to determine if
a single bit or 3-bit, or 5-bit or 7-bit error has occurred.
Odd parity is identical except that both the sender and receiver agree to send
information using the Odd parity and the parity bit is set or cleared so that the total number of
1s in the message including the Parity bit sums up to an Odd Number.
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Table of Contents:
  1. AN OVERVIEW & NUMBER SYSTEMS
  2. Binary to Decimal to Binary conversion, Binary Arithmetic, 1’s & 2’s complement
  3. Range of Numbers and Overflow, Floating-Point, Hexadecimal Numbers
  4. Octal Numbers, Octal to Binary Decimal to Octal Conversion
  5. LOGIC GATES: AND Gate, OR Gate, NOT Gate, NAND Gate
  6. AND OR NAND XOR XNOR Gate Implementation and Applications
  7. DC Supply Voltage, TTL Logic Levels, Noise Margin, Power Dissipation
  8. Boolean Addition, Multiplication, Commutative Law, Associative Law, Distributive Law, Demorgan’s Theorems
  9. Simplification of Boolean Expression, Standard POS form, Minterms and Maxterms
  10. KARNAUGH MAP, Mapping a non-standard SOP Expression
  11. Converting between POS and SOP using the K-map
  12. COMPARATOR: Quine-McCluskey Simplification Method
  13. ODD-PRIME NUMBER DETECTOR, Combinational Circuit Implementation
  14. IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ODD-PARITY GENERATOR CIRCUIT
  15. BCD ADDER: 2-digit BCD Adder, A 4-bit Adder Subtracter Unit
  16. 16-BIT ALU, MSI 4-bit Comparator, Decoders
  17. BCD to 7-Segment Decoder, Decimal-to-BCD Encoder
  18. 2-INPUT 4-BIT MULTIPLEXER, 8, 16-Input Multiplexer, Logic Function Generator
  19. Applications of Demultiplexer, PROM, PLA, PAL, GAL
  20. OLMC Combinational Mode, Tri-State Buffers, The GAL16V8, Introduction to ABEL
  21. OLMC for GAL16V8, Tri-state Buffer and OLMC output pin
  22. Implementation of Quad MUX, Latches and Flip-Flops
  23. APPLICATION OF S-R LATCH, Edge-Triggered D Flip-Flop, J-K Flip-flop
  24. Data Storage using D-flip-flop, Synchronizing Asynchronous inputs using D flip-flop
  25. Dual Positive-Edge triggered D flip-flop, J-K flip-flop, Master-Slave Flip-Flops
  26. THE 555 TIMER: Race Conditions, Asynchronous, Ripple Counters
  27. Down Counter with truncated sequence, 4-bit Synchronous Decade Counter
  28. Mod-n Synchronous Counter, Cascading Counters, Up-Down Counter
  29. Integrated Circuit Up Down Decade Counter Design and Applications
  30. DIGITAL CLOCK: Clocked Synchronous State Machines
  31. NEXT-STATE TABLE: Flip-flop Transition Table, Karnaugh Maps
  32. D FLIP-FLOP BASED IMPLEMENTATION
  33. Moore Machine State Diagram, Mealy Machine State Diagram, Karnaugh Maps
  34. SHIFT REGISTERS: Serial In/Shift Left,Right/Serial Out Operation
  35. APPLICATIONS OF SHIFT REGISTERS: Serial-to-Parallel Converter
  36. Elevator Control System: Elevator State Diagram, State Table, Input and Output Signals, Input Latches
  37. Traffic Signal Control System: Switching of Traffic Lights, Inputs and Outputs, State Machine
  38. Traffic Signal Control System: EQUATION DEFINITION
  39. Memory Organization, Capacity, Density, Signals and Basic Operations, Read, Write, Address, data Signals
  40. Memory Read, Write Cycle, Synchronous Burst SRAM, Dynamic RAM
  41. Burst, Distributed Refresh, Types of DRAMs, ROM Read-Only Memory, Mask ROM
  42. First In-First Out (FIFO) Memory
  43. LAST IN-FIRST OUT (LIFO) MEMORY
  44. THE LOGIC BLOCK: Analogue to Digital Conversion, Logic Element, Look-Up Table
  45. SUCCESSIVE –APPROXIMATION ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL CONVERTER