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MODIFICATIONS IN MILLAR MODIGLIANI CAPITAL STRUCTURE THEORY:Modified MM - With Bankruptcy Cost

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Financial Management ­ MGT201
VU
Lesson 33
MODIFICATIONS IN MILLAR MODIGLIANI CAPITAL STRUCTURE THEORY
Learning Objectives:
After going through this lecture, you would be able to have an understanding of the following topic:
·  Modifications in Miller Modigliani Capital Structure Theory
Modified MM - With Taxes:
In order to apply it in the real world for its use, Miller-Modigliani and some other economists made
some modifications. In order to make this theory applicable in the real world and to account for the
effects of corporate and personal taxes on investment decision and on firm, the effect of taxes was
included in it.
·  Modigliani-Miller (With Corporate Tax)
­  In most countries, a Firm's Interest Payments to Bond Holders are NOT Taxed. But
Dividend Payments to Equity Holders are taxed. This was conclusion after study of
different countries. Most of the firms prefer debt rather than equity.
­  Based on CORPORATE TAXES, FIRMS should prefer to raise Capital using DEBT
Financing rather than equity as there is saving associated with capital raised through
this source.
From firms point of view interest payments are source of tax savings.
·  Modigliani -Miller (With Personal Tax)
­  In most countries, INVESTORS (bondholders and shareholders) pay a higher Personal
Income Tax on Interest Income from Bonds than on Dividend Income from Equity (or
Stocks).
­  Based on PERSONAL TAXES, INVESTORS should prefer to invest in STOCKS (or
Equity).
Uncertain Conclusion: Difficult to determine Net Effect of taxes on optimal capital structure. Effects
of corporate taxes and personal taxes are contradictory. But, practically speaking, Corporate Tax Effect
is generally stronger so Based on Taxes alone, Firms should prefer Debt.
Modified MM - With Bankruptcy Cost:
The second major change in MM-theory was to incorporate the effect of bankruptcy costs. In the
real world companies face cash problems, their sales might drop, they face more competition, the
interest rate might go up, their debt servicing charges might go up, they start incurring losses, making
operational cash outflows and this may lead the company to close down or go bankrupt.
·  Bankruptcy: when a Firm is forced to close down because of continual Losses and Net Cash
Outflows or Default on Interest Payments.
·  Bankruptcy Costs Real Money - Companies Do Not Die in Peace! There are costs associated
with bankruptcy companies have to pay. Fees paid to Lawyers and Accountants, possible
penalties and Legal Claims by Suppliers, Buyers, & Partner Firms, and Loss on Sale of Assets
because Firm is forced to quickly Liquidate its Assets and repay the Debt Holders (such as
Banks) first.
·  Even before bankruptcy the THREAT or RUMOR of Bankruptcy can create problems for a
Firm. Suppliers refuse to supply raw materials and cancel Trade Credit facilities. Banks demand
higher Interest Rates. Customers cancel Purchase Orders so sales fall.
·  If Firm is EXCESSIVELY LEVERAGED (or has a Lot of Debt) then there is a HIGHER
Chance of Bankruptcy.
·  For Certain Types of Firms, Debt is More Likely to Cause Bankruptcy:
­  Firms with High Operating Leverage or high Fixed Costs
­  Firms with Non-Liquid Assets that are difficult to sell quickly for cash
­  Firms whose EBIT (or Earnings) Fluctuate a Lot
Tradeoff Theory of Capital Structure With Tax & Bankruptcy:
Now let us discuss trade off theory. It mixes a couple of changes in pure MM-theory by taking into
consideration both bankruptcy costs and taxes. We will start with a firm of 100% equity capital and see
what happens when a firm starts taking debt and gradually increases the percentage of debt in its capital
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Financial Management ­ MGT201
VU
structure. See the following graph to determine the effect of increasing leverage on the value of firm
measured by its stock value to make trade off theory concepts clear:
Tradeoff Theory Graph
Leverage & Optimal Capital Structure
Slightly Leveraged Firm: Interest Tax
Shield Benefit. Total Return to Investors
Excessively Leveraged Firm:
Rises so Stock Value Rises. Total Return
Threat of Bankruptcy has Real
= Net Income (paid to Shareholders) +
Value of
Costs. Less Investor
Interest (paid to Debt Holders)
Firm or
Confidence and Lower Share
Price.
Price of
Stock
Firm Remains 100%
Equity (Un-Levered)
Financial Leverage =
OPTIMAL Capital
Debt / Assets =
Structure - MAXIMUM
D/(D+E)
VALUE & MINIMUM
WACC
Keep in mind, Value of Firm = Price of One Share x Number of Shares Outstanding
On the Y-axis we have the Value of Firm or Price of Stock and on X-axis the Financial Leverage = Debt
/ Assets = Debt/ (Debt + Equity) in percentage. In the graph 1.0 shows 100% capital is from debt at that
point. Horizontal line represents the case when a firm is 100% equity. It is un levered firm. Here firm
has no debt so its stock value is not sensitive to financial leverage. Now let us take the case of the same
firm if it gradually adds debt to its capital structure.
·  When 100% Equity Firm adds a Small Amount of Debt, the Value of its Stock Goes Up at first
because Total Return Increases.
Total Return
= Net Income (paid to Equity Holders) + Interest (paid to Debt Holders).
The line therefore rises initially but then it reaches a maximum point which is the optimal
capital structure. At this point value of firm will be at its maximum. This is the best debt to
equity ratio for this firm at which WACC will be at minimum. After this point firms' debt gets
high and it starts facing high interest costs, chances of loosing creditors and buyers and threats
of bankruptcy. Investors' loose confidence on the share of the firm and the Chances of
Bankruptcy will offset the Initial Benefit and the Stock Value will Fall.
·  Decision regarding how much Debt (or Financial Leverage) to take is based on Tradeoff
between the Advantage of Debt & Disadvantage of Debt.
­  Advantage of Debt over Equity: Interest Payments are Not Taxed. Known as Interest
Tax Saving or Tax Shield or Tax Shelter
­  Disadvantage of Too Much Debt: Firm becomes more Risky so Lenders and Banks
Charge Higher Interest Rates and Greater Chance of Bankruptcy
·  Trade theory tells there is some optimal capital structure or there is some percentage of debt in
capital structure for a firm at a particular date. But it does not give us the exact figure for that. A
range for the Optimal Capital Structure or Debt/Equity Mix can be calculated in theory. This is
where the Firm has Maximum Value and Minimum WACC. Practically speaking it varies
across industries and companies. Optimal D/E can range from 20/80 to 70/30 and keeps
changing with time depending on the firm's financial health and growth strategy.
Signaling Theory of Capital Structure- An Improvement on Tradeoff Theory:
This is another modification of the theory of Miller Modigliani Capital Structure.
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Financial Management ­ MGT201
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·
This theory takes into account the practical fact of the world that NOT all Investors have equal
amount of information. All investors are not rational. A Firm's Owners & Managers (Insiders)
know more about it than Ordinary outside Investors.
·  Signaling Theory: "Insiders (Managers & Owners) Know Better"
­  When Firm's Future genuinely looks Good (i.e. High forecasted Cash Flows, Earnings,
NI, and ROE) then Managers will choose to raise financing through Debt (or Bonds or
Loan) because they do not want to share the Financial Gain with More Shareholders.
Rather They Prefer to Take on Debt and pay a small interest to the Debt Holders. There
is almost no risk of Default.
­  When Firm's Outlook looks bad, then Managers will choose to raise capital by Issuing
Equity (or Stock) to be able to share the Likely Losses amongst more Shareholders
(Owners). If they took Debt and couldn't repay it, they might Default and be forced to
go Bankrupt.
So mangers are in a better position to decide about the firm.
Signaling Theory ­ Conclusions:
·  Practically speaking, Firms should maintain LESS Leverage than the Optimal Level from
Tradeoff Theory.
·  Firms Should Save Some Reserve Debt Financing Capacity in case they find a Great Project or
Investment Opportunity. They should finance the Project using Debt for 2 reasons:
­  they don't have to share the Financial Gains with more shareholders and
­  they give the Right Signal to the Market of Investors about the good health of their
Firm !
­  Debt Financing brings Financial Discipline and tighter cash control on some Managers
that waste Shareholders' money
·  News of New Equity Financing Signals bad news: It indicates shortfall in cash flows through
profit, Investors will sell stock and Market Price (Po) of Stock will fall. Therefore, Required
ROR (r = DIV/ (Po + g)) will Rise and WACC will Increase. Now more difficult for Projects
and Investments to meet this Firm's Capital Budgeting Criterion by showing positive NPV (=
Sum of Cash Flows / (1+r) t).
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Table of Contents:
  1. INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT:Corporate Financing & Capital Structure,
  2. OBJECTIVES OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, FINANCIAL ASSETS AND FINANCIAL MARKETS:Real Assets, Bond
  3. ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:Basic Financial Statements, Profit & Loss account or Income Statement
  4. TIME VALUE OF MONEY:Discounting & Net Present Value (NPV), Interest Theory
  5. FINANCIAL FORECASTING AND FINANCIAL PLANNING:Planning Documents, Drawback of Percent of Sales Method
  6. PRESENT VALUE AND DISCOUNTING:Interest Rates for Discounting Calculations
  7. DISCOUNTING CASH FLOW ANALYSIS, ANNUITIES AND PERPETUITIES:Multiple Compounding
  8. CAPITAL BUDGETING AND CAPITAL BUDGETING TECHNIQUES:Techniques of capital budgeting, Pay back period
  9. NET PRESENT VALUE (NPV) AND INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN (IRR):RANKING TWO DIFFERENT INVESTMENTS
  10. PROJECT CASH FLOWS, PROJECT TIMING, COMPARING PROJECTS, AND MODIFIED INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN (MIRR)
  11. SOME SPECIAL AREAS OF CAPITAL BUDGETING:SOME SPECIAL AREAS OF CAPITAL BUDGETING, SOME SPECIAL AREAS OF CAPITAL BUDGETING
  12. CAPITAL RATIONING AND INTERPRETATION OF IRR AND NPV WITH LIMITED CAPITAL.:Types of Problems in Capital Rationing
  13. BONDS AND CLASSIFICATION OF BONDS:Textile Weaving Factory Case Study, Characteristics of bonds, Convertible Bonds
  14. BONDS’ VALUATION:Long Bond - Risk Theory, Bond Portfolio Theory, Interest Rate Tradeoff
  15. BONDS VALUATION AND YIELD ON BONDS:Present Value formula for the bond
  16. INTRODUCTION TO STOCKS AND STOCK VALUATION:Share Concept, Finite Investment
  17. COMMON STOCK PRICING AND DIVIDEND GROWTH MODELS:Preferred Stock, Perpetual Investment
  18. COMMON STOCKS – RATE OF RETURN AND EPS PRICING MODEL:Earnings per Share (EPS) Pricing Model
  19. INTRODUCTION TO RISK, RISK AND RETURN FOR A SINGLE STOCK INVESTMENT:Diversifiable Risk, Diversification
  20. RISK FOR A SINGLE STOCK INVESTMENT, PROBABILITY GRAPHS AND COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION
  21. 2- STOCK PORTFOLIO THEORY, RISK AND EXPECTED RETURN:Diversification, Definition of Terms
  22. PORTFOLIO RISK ANALYSIS AND EFFICIENT PORTFOLIO MAPS
  23. EFFICIENT PORTFOLIOS, MARKET RISK AND CAPITAL MARKET LINE (CML):Market Risk & Portfolio Theory
  24. STOCK BETA, PORTFOLIO BETA AND INTRODUCTION TO SECURITY MARKET LINE:MARKET, Calculating Portfolio Beta
  25. STOCK BETAS &RISK, SML& RETURN AND STOCK PRICES IN EFFICIENT MARKS:Interpretation of Result
  26. SML GRAPH AND CAPITAL ASSET PRICING MODEL:NPV Calculations & Capital Budgeting
  27. RISK AND PORTFOLIO THEORY, CAPM, CRITICISM OF CAPM AND APPLICATION OF RISK THEORY:Think Out of the Box
  28. INTRODUCTION TO DEBT, EFFICIENT MARKETS AND COST OF CAPITAL:Real Assets Markets, Debt vs. Equity
  29. WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPITAL (WACC):Summary of Formulas
  30. BUSINESS RISK FACED BY FIRM, OPERATING LEVERAGE, BREAK EVEN POINT& RETURN ON EQUITY
  31. OPERATING LEVERAGE, FINANCIAL LEVERAGE, ROE, BREAK EVEN POINT AND BUSINESS RISK
  32. FINANCIAL LEVERAGE AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE:Capital Structure Theory
  33. MODIFICATIONS IN MILLAR MODIGLIANI CAPITAL STRUCTURE THEORY:Modified MM - With Bankruptcy Cost
  34. APPLICATION OF MILLER MODIGLIANI AND OTHER CAPITAL STRUCTURE THEORIES:Problem of the theory
  35. NET INCOME AND TAX SHIELD APPROACHES TO WACC:Traditionalists -Real Markets Example
  36. MANAGEMENT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE:Practical Capital Structure Management
  37. DIVIDEND PAYOUT:Other Factors Affecting Dividend Policy, Residual Dividend Model
  38. APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL DIVIDEND MODEL:Dividend Payout Procedure, Dividend Schemes for Optimizing Share Price
  39. WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT:Impact of working capital on Firm Value, Monthly Cash Budget
  40. CASH MANAGEMENT AND WORKING CAPITAL FINANCING:Inventory Management, Accounts Receivables Management:
  41. SHORT TERM FINANCING, LONG TERM FINANCING AND LEASE FINANCING:
  42. LEASE FINANCING AND TYPES OF LEASE FINANCING:Sale & Lease-Back, Lease Analyses & Calculations
  43. MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS:Leveraged Buy-Outs (LBO’s), Mergers - Good or Bad?
  44. INTERNATIONAL FINANCE (MULTINATIONAL FINANCE):Major Issues Faced by Multinationals
  45. FINAL REVIEW OF ENTIRE COURSE ON FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT:Financial Statements and Ratios