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LOGIC GATES: AND Gate, OR Gate, NOT Gate, NAND Gate

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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
Lesson No. 05
LOGIC GATES
The Digital Systems should be able to process or perform operations on the numbers
that are represented in the Binary Number System. The simplest operations that come to mind
are the arithmetic operations like add and subtract. There are many more operations and
functions that Digital Systems are able to perform.
Digital Logic Gates provide the basic building blocks; these Logic Gates perform
different operations on the Binary information. These Logic Gates are used in different
combinations to implement large complex systems. Digital Logic Gates are represented and
identified by unique symbols. These symbols are used in circuit diagrams to describe the
function of a digital circuit.
Digital Logic Gates function is represented by a function table or a truth table that
describes all the Logic gate outputs for every possible combination of inputs. As the logic
Gates operate on binary values therefore these function tables describes the relationship
between the input and output in terms of binary values. The function of a Logic Gate is also
described in terms of an expression.
Logic Gates are practically used in circuits where the inputs to the Logic Gates vary in
time. Timing diagrams are used to describe the response of the Logic Gates in a certain period
of time with respect to the changing input. Timing diagrams graphically show the actual
performance (behavior) of the logic gate to the changing inputs for a predetermined period of
time or sequence of input signals.
The three fundamental Gates are the AND, OR and NOT Gates.
AND Gate
The AND Gate performs a logical multiplication function. An AND Gate has multiple
inputs and a single output. Most commonly used AND Gates are two input AND gates. An
AND Gate is represented by the symbols shown in Figure 5.1
Figure 5.1
Symbolic representation of AND Gate
The multiplication function performed by the AND Gate is shown in the function table
for a two input AND Gate. Figure 5.2. The function table for a 3, 4 or multiple input AND Gate
is similar. The output is 1 when all the inputs are at logic level 1. For all other input
combinations the output is zero.
Logical AND Operation
Inputs
Output
A
B
F
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
Figure 5.2
Function Table of an AND Gate
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
The expression describing the operation of a two inputs AND Gate is F = A.B
The `.' is an AND Operator and the expression represents an AND operation between inputs A
and B. Expression for multiple input AND Gates is F = A.B.C. ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ N , where N is the total
number of inputs.
The timing diagram of the two input AND gate with the input varying over a period of 7
time intervals is shown in the diagram. Figure 5.3.
Figure 5.3
Timing diagram of operation of an AND gate
An important use of an AND gate in addition to the multiplication operation is its use to
disable or enable a device. Figure 5.4. A Counter device counts from 0 to 100. The counter
device increments its current count value to the next when it receives a pulse at its clock input.
To allow the Counter device to count continuously from 0 to 100, continuous pulses are
applied at the clock input of the Counter Device. The continuous pulses are shown as Clock
pulses.
The counter can be stopped from counting by stopping the clock pulses from reaching
the clock input of the Counter Device. A 2-input AND gate is connected to the Counter Clock
input. The clock pulses are applied at the Input A of the AND Gate. Input B of the AND Gate is
connected to an Enable/Disable signal. When the Counter Device is stopped from counting the
enable/disable signal ay Input B is set to 0.
The Function Table, figure 5.2, indicates that when ever an input of the AND gate is set
to 0 the output also becomes 0. Thus by applying the disable signal 0 at Input B, the output of
the gate becomes zero and therefore clock signals are prevented from reaching the Counter
device. To allow the Counter Device to count, the enable/disable signal at input B of the AND
gate is set to 1. The Function Table of the AND gate indicates that when an Input of the AND
gate is 1, the output follows the input signal applied at the input A of the AND Gate. Thus the
clock signal at Output of the AND gate follows the clock signal at Input A of the AND Gate.
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
Figure 5.4
Enabling a Counter using an AND Gate
OR Gate
The OR Gate performs a Boolean add function. An OR Gate has multiple inputs and a
single output. Most commonly used OR Gates are two input OR gates. An OR Gate is
represented by symbols as shown in figure 5.5.
Figure 5.5
Symbolic representation of OR Gate
The addition function performed by the OR Gate is shown in the function table for a two
input OR Gate. Figure 5.6. The function table for a 3, 4 or multiple input OR Gate is similar.
The output is 1 when any one input is at logic level 1. The output is 0 when all inputs are zero.
The expression describing the operation of the two inputs OR Gate is F = A + B . The
`+' is an OR Operator and the expression represents an OR operation between inputs A and B.
Expression for multiple input OR Gates is F = A + B + C + .....N , where N is the total number of
inputs.
Logical OR
Operation
Inputs
Output
A
B
F
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
Figure 5.6
Function Table of an OR Gate
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
The timing diagram of the two input OR gate with the input varying over a period of 7
time intervals is shown in the diagram 5.7.
A
B
t0
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
F
Figure 5.7
Timing diagram of operation of an OR gate
The OR Gate is used in applications where the output signal is a 1 when any one input
is a 1. An example of such an application is an alarm circuit for car door locks shown in
diagram, figure 5.8. Four circuits are connected to each of the four doors of a car. The door
circuit generates a 1 when the door is open and a 0 when it is closed. The four outputs of each
of the four door circuits are connected to the four inputs of an OR Gate. The output of the OR
gate is connected to an Alarm.
Figure 5.8
Car door Alarm System based on a 4-input OR Gate
When any one or more doors are open the inputs of the OR Gate have a 1. The output
of the OR gate is a 1, according to the Function Table of an OR Gate, figure 5.6, which
enables the Alarm.
NOT Gate
NOT Gate is also known as an Inverter. The name indicates that the NOT Gate should
be performing an inversion function. The Not Gate has a single input and a single output. The
NOT Gate is represented by the symbol shown in Figure 5.9.
Figure 5.9
NOT Gate
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
The input signal applied across the single input of the OR gate is inverted and is
available at the output. The function of the NOT Gates is described by the Function Table or
the Truth Table represented in Figure 5.10.
Logical NOT
Operation
Input
Output
A
F
0
1
1
0
Figure 5.10
Function Table of a NOT Gate
The expression describing the behavior of a NOT gate in terms of the Input and Output
shown in the Function Table, Figure 5.10 is F = A where A indicates invert of A
The timing diagram of a NOT gate with the input varying over a period of 7 time
intervals and its corresponding output is shown in the Figure 5.11.
Figure 5.11
Timing diagram of operation of a NOT gate
The NOT Gate is used in circuits to generate the 1's Complement of a number by
inverting all its bits. Figure 5.12. It is also used to invert an incoming signal `1' as per
requirements of another circuit which requires the signal to be `0'.
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
Figure 5.12
A 1's Complement Circuit using 8 NOT Gates
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
In addition to the three Fundamental Gates which perform AND, OR and NOT operations, two
other important gates that are commonly used in Digital Logic are the NAND and NOR Gates.
These two gates do not perform any new functions. The NAND Gate performs an AND-NOT
function and the NOR gate performs the OR-NOT function.
AND & OR Gate alternate symbols
The AND gate and the OR gate can also be represented by alternate symbols. The two
fundamental symbols, the AND Gate symbol and the OR gate symbol complement each other.
Thus a gate can be represented by its complementary symbol. The inputs and outputs of the
complementary symbol are inverted by placing or removing bubbles. Figure 5.13.
Figure 5.13
Alternate Symbolic representation of AND & OR gates
The AND gate is represented by its complementary OR gate symbol, the two inputs
and the output are inverted by placing bubbles. The OR gate is represented by its
complementary AND gate symbol, the two inputs and the output are inverted by placing
bubbles.
NAND Gate
The NAND Gate performs a function that is equivalent to the function performed by the
combination of an AND gate and a NOT gate. Figure 5.14
A NAND Gate has multiple inputs and a single output. Most commonly used NAND
Gates are two input NAND gates. A NAND gate is represented by the symbols shown in figure
5.15, the NOT gate connected at the output of the AND gate is represented by a circle, in
Digital Logic terminology a `bubble'.
Figure 5.14
NAND Gate function
Figure 5.15
Symbolic representation of NAND Gate
The function performed by the NAND Gate is described by the Function Table for a two
input NAND Gate. Figure 5.16. The function table for a 3, 4 or multiple input NAND Gate is
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
similar. The output is 0 when all inputs are 1s. For all other combinations of inputs the output
logic level is 1.
Logical NAND
Operation
Inputs
Output
A
B
F
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
Figure 5.16
Function Table of a NAND Gate
The expression describing the operation of the two inputs NAND Gate is F = A.B .
Expression for multiple input NAND Gates is F = A.B.C......N , where N is the total number of
inputs.
The timing diagram of the two input NAND gate with the input varying over a period of
7 time intervals is shown in the diagram. Figure 5.17.
NAND Gate as a Universal Gate
The NAND gate is also used as a Universal Gate as the NAND Gate can be used in a
combination to perform the function of a AND, OR and NOT gates.
1. NOT Gate Implementation
A NOT gate can be implemented using a NAND gate by connecting both the inputs of the
NAND gate together. By connecting the two inputs together, the input combinations where the
inputs are dissimilar become redundant. The Function Table of the 2-input NAND Gate
reduces to that of the NOT gate. Figure 5.18
A
B
t0
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
F
Figure 5.17
Timing diagram of operation of a NAND gate
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
Logical NAND
Operation
Inputs
Output
A
B
F
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
Figure 5.18
Implementing a NOT Gate using a NAND gate
2. AND Gate Implementation
A NAND Gate performs the AND-NOT function. Removing the NOT gate at the output
of the NAND gate results in an AND gate. The effect of the NOT gate at the output of the
NAND gate can be cancelled by connecting a NOT gate at the output of the NAND Gate. The
two NOT gates cancel each other out. A NOT Gate implemented using a NAND gate (2) is
connected to the output of a NAND gate (1). Figure 5.19.
Figure 5.19
Implementing an AND Gate using two NAND gates
3. OR Gate Implementation
An OR Gate can be implemented using a combination of three NAND gates. The
implementation is based on the alternate symbolic representation of the OR gate. The OR
gate is represented as an AND gate with bubbles at the inputs and outputs. Figure 5.13. The
two bubbles at the input can be replaced by two NOT gates (1) & (2) implemented using two
NAND gates. If the two bubbles are removed from the two inputs, the AND gate with the
bubble at the output represents a NAND gate (3). Figure 5.20
Figure 5.20
Implementing an OR Gate using three NAND gates
NOR Gate
The NOR Gate performs a function that is equivalent to the function performed by a
combination of an OR gate and a NOT gate. Figure 5.21
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
Figure 5.21
NOR Gate function
A NOR Gate has multiple inputs and a single output. Most commonly used NOR Gates
are two input NOR gates. A NOR gate is represented by the symbols shown in figure 5.22, the
NOT gate connected at the output of the OR gate is represented by a circle.
Figure 5.22
Symbolic representation of NOR Gate
The function performed by the NOR Gate is described by the Function Table for a two
input NOR Gate. Figure 5.23. The function table for a 3, 4 or multiple input NOR Gate is
similar. The output is 1 when all inputs are 0s. For all other combinations of inputs the output
logic level is 0.
Logical NOR
Operation
Inputs
Output
A
B
F
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
Figure 5.23
Function Table of a NOR Gate
The expression describing the operation of the two inputs NOR Gate is F = A + B .
Expression for multiple input NOR Gates is F = A + B + C + .....N , where N is the total number
of inputs.
The timing diagram of the two input NOR gate with the input varying over a period of 7
time intervals is shown in the diagram. Figure 5.24.
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
A
B
t0
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
F
Figure 5.24
Timing diagram of operation of a NOR gate
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Table of Contents:
  1. AN OVERVIEW & NUMBER SYSTEMS
  2. Binary to Decimal to Binary conversion, Binary Arithmetic, 1’s & 2’s complement
  3. Range of Numbers and Overflow, Floating-Point, Hexadecimal Numbers
  4. Octal Numbers, Octal to Binary Decimal to Octal Conversion
  5. LOGIC GATES: AND Gate, OR Gate, NOT Gate, NAND Gate
  6. AND OR NAND XOR XNOR Gate Implementation and Applications
  7. DC Supply Voltage, TTL Logic Levels, Noise Margin, Power Dissipation
  8. Boolean Addition, Multiplication, Commutative Law, Associative Law, Distributive Law, Demorgan’s Theorems
  9. Simplification of Boolean Expression, Standard POS form, Minterms and Maxterms
  10. KARNAUGH MAP, Mapping a non-standard SOP Expression
  11. Converting between POS and SOP using the K-map
  12. COMPARATOR: Quine-McCluskey Simplification Method
  13. ODD-PRIME NUMBER DETECTOR, Combinational Circuit Implementation
  14. IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ODD-PARITY GENERATOR CIRCUIT
  15. BCD ADDER: 2-digit BCD Adder, A 4-bit Adder Subtracter Unit
  16. 16-BIT ALU, MSI 4-bit Comparator, Decoders
  17. BCD to 7-Segment Decoder, Decimal-to-BCD Encoder
  18. 2-INPUT 4-BIT MULTIPLEXER, 8, 16-Input Multiplexer, Logic Function Generator
  19. Applications of Demultiplexer, PROM, PLA, PAL, GAL
  20. OLMC Combinational Mode, Tri-State Buffers, The GAL16V8, Introduction to ABEL
  21. OLMC for GAL16V8, Tri-state Buffer and OLMC output pin
  22. Implementation of Quad MUX, Latches and Flip-Flops
  23. APPLICATION OF S-R LATCH, Edge-Triggered D Flip-Flop, J-K Flip-flop
  24. Data Storage using D-flip-flop, Synchronizing Asynchronous inputs using D flip-flop
  25. Dual Positive-Edge triggered D flip-flop, J-K flip-flop, Master-Slave Flip-Flops
  26. THE 555 TIMER: Race Conditions, Asynchronous, Ripple Counters
  27. Down Counter with truncated sequence, 4-bit Synchronous Decade Counter
  28. Mod-n Synchronous Counter, Cascading Counters, Up-Down Counter
  29. Integrated Circuit Up Down Decade Counter Design and Applications
  30. DIGITAL CLOCK: Clocked Synchronous State Machines
  31. NEXT-STATE TABLE: Flip-flop Transition Table, Karnaugh Maps
  32. D FLIP-FLOP BASED IMPLEMENTATION
  33. Moore Machine State Diagram, Mealy Machine State Diagram, Karnaugh Maps
  34. SHIFT REGISTERS: Serial In/Shift Left,Right/Serial Out Operation
  35. APPLICATIONS OF SHIFT REGISTERS: Serial-to-Parallel Converter
  36. Elevator Control System: Elevator State Diagram, State Table, Input and Output Signals, Input Latches
  37. Traffic Signal Control System: Switching of Traffic Lights, Inputs and Outputs, State Machine
  38. Traffic Signal Control System: EQUATION DEFINITION
  39. Memory Organization, Capacity, Density, Signals and Basic Operations, Read, Write, Address, data Signals
  40. Memory Read, Write Cycle, Synchronous Burst SRAM, Dynamic RAM
  41. Burst, Distributed Refresh, Types of DRAMs, ROM Read-Only Memory, Mask ROM
  42. First In-First Out (FIFO) Memory
  43. LAST IN-FIRST OUT (LIFO) MEMORY
  44. THE LOGIC BLOCK: Analogue to Digital Conversion, Logic Element, Look-Up Table
  45. SUCCESSIVE –APPROXIMATION ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL CONVERTER