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KARNAUGH MAP, Mapping a non-standard SOP Expression

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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
Lesson No. 10
KARNAUGH MAP & BOOLEAN EXPRESSION SIMPLIFICATION
Simplifying Boolean Expressions using the laws, rules and theorems do not guarantee
the simplest form of expression as sometimes simplification of certain terms is not so obvious
or the person doesn't have the necessary experience in applying the laws and rules. The
Karnaugh Map provides a systematic method for simplifying Boolean expressions.
A Karnaugh Map is organized in the form of an array. Adjacent cells of the array can be
grouped together to result in simplification of a given expression. Karnaugh Maps can be used
to simplify expressions of 2, 3, 4 and 5 variables.
The 3-variable Karnaugh Map
AB\C
0
1
A\BC  00
01
11
10
00
0
1
0
0
1
3
2
01
2
3
1
4
5
7
6
11
6
7
10
4
5
Figure 10.1
Column and Row based 3-variable Karnaugh Maps
·
A 3-variable K-Map has an array of 8 cells. The 8 cells can be arranged in 2 columns and 4
rows representing the column form of the Karnaugh Map.
·
Alternately, the 8 cells can be organized in 2 rows and 4 columns representing the row
form of the Karnaugh map.
·
Any of the two forms of the Karnaugh Map can be used to simplify Boolean expressions.
The simplified expressions using either of the two K-maps are identical.
·
Considering first the column based 3-variable Karnuagh map. The binary values 00, 01, 11
and 10 in the left most column of the K-map represent the binary values of variables A and
B. The binary values 0 and 1 in the top row of the K-map represent the binary values of
variable C.
·
The 3-variable K-Map based on the row representation is considered next. The binary
values 0 and 1 in the left most column of the K-map represent the binary values of variable
A. The binary values 00, 01, 11 and 10 in the top row of the K-map represent the binary
values of variables B and C
·
The numbers in the cells represent the Minterms or Maxterms of an expression that is to
be represented using the K-map. The cell marked 0 for example, represents the minterm 0
or the maxterm 0 having binary value of variables A, B and C equal to 000. Similarly cell
marked 5 represents the minterm 5 or the maxterm 5 having binary values of variables A,
B and C equal to 101.
The 4-variable Karnaugh Map
AB\CD
00
01
11
10
00
0
1
3
2
01
4
5
7
6
11
12
13
15
14
10
8
9
11
10
Figure 10.2
4-variable Karnaugh Map
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
·
A 4-variable K-Map has an array of 16 cells
·
The numbers in the cells represent the Minterms and Maxterms of an expression that is to
be represented using the K-map.
·
The 4-variable K-Map has a square format with four rows and four columns of cells.
·
The binary values 00, 01, 11 and 10 in the left most column of the K-map represent the
binary values of variables A and B. The binary values 00, 01, 11 and 10 in the top row of
the K-map represents the binary values of variables C and D
·
The 16 cells marked with numbers 0 to 15 represent the cells 0 to 15 corresponding to the
minterms 0 to 15 or the maxterms 0 to 15 in a 4 variable Boolean expression.
·
The cell marked 6 for example, represents the minterm 6 or the maxterm 6 having binary
value of variables A, B, C and D equal to 0110. Similarly cell marked 13 represents the
minterm 13 or the maxterm 13 having binary values of variables A, B, C and D equal to
1101.
Grouping and Adjacent Cells
Karnaugh Map Array is considered to be wrapped around were all sides are adjacent
to each other. Groups of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 etc. adjacent cells are formed. Adjacent cells can be
·  row wise
·  column wise
·  four corner cells
·  row-column groups of 4, 8, 16, 32 etc
Groups are formed on the basis of 1s (Minterms) or 0s (maxterms). A group is selected
to have maximum number of cells of Minterms or Maxterms, keeping in view that the size of
the group should be a power of 2. The idea is to form minimal number of largest groups that
uniquely cover all the cells, thereby ensuring that all minterms or maxterms are included.
Mapping a standard SOP Expression
The first step in simplification of Boolean expressions is to map the expressions to the
Karnaugh maps. For a Standard SOP expression, a 1 is placed in the cell corresponding to the
product term (Minterm) present in the expression. The cells that are not filled with 1s have 0s.
The  Standard  SOP  expression  having  a  Domain  of  three  variables
ABC + ABC + ABC is mapped to a 3-Variable Karnaugh Map. The product terms or the
Minterms are 2, 4 and 6. The expression is mapped on a K-Map by placing a 1 at Minterm
cells 2, 4 and 6 and placing 0 at remaining cells.
AB\C
0
1
A\BC
00
01
11
10
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
01
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
11
1
0
10
1
0
Mapping the expression ABC + ABC + ABC to a 3-variable K-Map
Figure 10.3
The
Standard
SOP
expression
having
a
domain
of  four  variables
A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D + A.B.C.D is mapped to a 4-
variable Karnaugh Map. The product terms or the Minterms are 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 13 and 14. The
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
expression is mapped on a K-Map by placing a 1 at Minterm cells 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 13 and 14 and
placing 0 at remaining cells.
AB\CD
00
01
11
10
00
0
1
0
0
01
1
1
0
1
11
0
1
0
1
10
1
0
0
0
Figure 10.4
Mapping the 7 term SOP expression to a 4-variable K-Map
Mapping a non-standard SOP Expression
In many practical cases, SOP expressions are not in a standard format. To map them
to K-maps they have to be either converted into Standard SOP expressions or they can be
directly mapped.
Example 1
The expression A + BC is a non-standard SOP expression having a domain of 3
variables. If the expression is converted into a standard SOP expression then there will be four
product terms having the variable A . Similarly, there would be two product terms having the
variable combination BC . Two of the product terms ABC are identical. The expression
A + BC can be directly mapped to a K-map without first converting the expression to the
standard form.
The term A is mapped first. A `1' is marked in cells where the variable A is present.
AB\C
0
1
00
A\BC
00
01
11
10
01
0
11
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
1
1
Figure 10.5
Mapping the expression A to a 3-variable K-Map
Consider the mapping of the term BC . A `1' is marked in cells where the variable BC is
present. The cells are marked with 1. One of the cells ABC has already been marked when
mapping the terms containing variable A .
AB\C
0
1
A\BC
00
01
11
10
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
01
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
11
1
1
10
1
1
Mapping the expression BC to a 3-variable K-Map
Figure 10.6
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
The K-map shows that if the non-standard SOP expression A + BC is converted into a
standard SOP expression it would have five product terms as represented by the K-map cells.
Example 2
The expression A + C is a non-Standard SOP expression having a domain of 3
variables. It is mapped directly to a 3-variable K-map. The term A is mapped first by marking
cells having A with `1'.
AB\C
0
1
A\BC
00
01
11
10
00
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
01
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
11
0
0
10
0
0
Mapping the expression A to a 3-variable K-Map
Figure 10.7
The term C is mapped next. A `1' is marked in cells where the term C is present.
AB\C
0
1
A\BC
00
01
11
10
00
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
01
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
11
0
1
10
0
1
Mapping the expression C to a 3-variable K-Map
Figure 10.8
Mapping of non-standard SOP expressions having a domain of 4 variables is similar.
Consider the expression D + AC + BC . The terms D , AC and BC are mapped one after the
other by marking cells with `1's where these terms are present.
AB\CD  00
01
11
10
00
0
1
1
0
01
0
1
1
0
11
0
1
1
0
10
0
1
1
0
Figure 10.9a Mapping the expression D to a 4-variable K-Map
AB\CD
00
01
11
10
00
0
1
1
0
01
0
1
1
0
11
1
0
1
1
10
1
0
1
1
Figure 10.9b Mapping the expression AC to a 4-variable K-Map
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
AB\CD
00
01
11
10
00
0
1
1
0
01
0
1
1
1
11
1
1
1
1
10
1
1
1
0
Figure 10.9c Mapping the expression BC to a 4-variable K-Map
Simplification of SOP expressions using the Karnaugh Map
SOP expressions can be very easily simplified using the K-Map method. In the first
step of the simplification process, the SOP expression is mapped on the K-map. In the next
step, groups of 1s are formed starting with the largest group of 1s. The group should be of size
2, 4, 8, 16 etc. having adjacent 1s. Multiple (unique) groups of 1s are formed. All the groups
formed can either be separate groups or they could share common 1s each having at least a
single 1 that is not common to any other group. A single 1 that is not adjacent to any other 1 is
considered as a group having only a single cell.
In the next step minimal product terms are determined. Each group, including a group
having a single cell, represents a product term having variables that occur in only one form
either complemented or un-complemented.
A 3-variable K-map yields
·  A product term of three variables for a group of 1 cell
·  A product term of two variables for a group of 2 cell
·  A product term of one variable for a group of 4 cell
·  A group of 8 cells yields a value of 1 for the expression.
A 4-variable K-map yields
·  A product term of four variables for a group of 1 cell
·  A product term of three variables for a group of 2 cell
·  A product term of two variables for a group of 4 cell
·  A product term of one variable for a group of 8 cell
·  A group of 16 cells yields a value of 1 for the expression.
Example 1 & 2
0
1
AB\C
00
01
11
10
A\BC
00
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
01
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
11
1
1
10
0
1
Figure 10.10 Simplification of SOP expression using a 3-variable K-Map
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
An SOP expression having 5 minterms is mapped to a 3-variable column based K-
map. Three groups of two cells each are formed.
·  The first group of 1s comprising of cells 2 and 6 forms the product term BC
·  The second group of 1s comprising of cells 5 and 7 forms the product term AC
·
The third group of 1s comprising of cells 1 and 5 forms the product term BC
The five term SOP expression simplifies to a 3 term SOP expression B.C + A.C + B.C
An SOP expression having 4 minterms is mapped to a 3-variable row based K-map.
Two groups of 2 cells each and a third group of single cell are formed.
·  The single cell group comprising of cell 4 forms the product term ABC
·
The second group of 1s comprising of cells 1 and 3 forms the product term AC
·  The third group of 1s comprising of cells 2 and 3 forms the product term AB
The four term SOP simplifies to a 3 term SOP expression A.B.C + A.C + A.B
Example 3 & 4
0
1
AB\C
A\BC  00
01
11
10
0
0
00
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
01
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
11
0
1
10
Figure 10.11 Simplification of SOP expression using a 3-variable K-Map
An SOP expression having 5 minterms is mapped to a 3-variable column based K-
map. One group of 4 cells and another group of 2 cell are formed.
·  The first group of 1s comprising of cells 2, 3, 6 and 7 forms the product term B
·  The second group of 1s comprising of cells 5 and 7 forms the product term AC
The five term SOP simplifies to a 2 term SOP expression B + AC
An SOP expression having 5 minterms is mapped to a 3-variable row based K-map.
Three groups of 2 cells each are formed.
·  The first group of 1s comprising of cell 4 and 5 forms the product term A.B
·  The second group of 1s comprising of cells 3 and 7 forms the product term B.C
·
The third group of 1s comprising of cells 2 and 3 forms the product term A.B
The five term SOP simplifies to a 3 term SOP expression A.B + B.C + A.B
Example 5
AB\CD
00
01
11
10
00
0
1
1
0
1
01
0
0
1
1
11
1
1
1
10
1
1
1
0
Figure 10.12 Simplification of SOP expression using a 4-variable K-Map
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
An SOP expression having 11 minterms is mapped to a 4-variable based K-map.
Three groups of 4 cells each are formed.
·  The first group of 1s comprising of cells 8, 9, 12 and 13 forms the product term A.C
·
The second group of 1s comprising of cells 1, 3, 9 and 11 forms the product term B.D
·
The third group of 1s comprising of cells 6, 7, 14 and 15 forms the product term B.C
The eleven term SOP expression has simplified to a 3 term expression A.C + B.D + B.C
Example 6
An SOP expression having 8 minterms is mapped to a 4-variable based K-map. One
group of two cells and two groups of four cells are formed.
·  The first group of 1s comprising of cells 8 and 12 forms the product term A.C.D
·  The second group of 1s comprising of cells 3, 7, 11 and 15 forms the product term C.D
·  The third group of 1s comprising of cells 6, 7, 14 and 15 forms the product term B.C
The eight term SOP expression has simplified to a 3 term expression A.C.D + C.D + B.C
11
AB\CD
00
01
10
00
0
0
1
0
01
0
0
1
1
1
11
0
1
1
10
1
0
1
0
Figure 10.13 Simplification of SOP expression using a 4-variable K-Map
Example 7
An SOP expression having 9 minterms is mapped to a 4-variable based K-map. Two
group of two cells and two groups of four cells are formed.
·  The first group of 1s comprising of corner cells 0, 2, 8 and 10 forms the product term B.D
·
The second group of 1s comprising of cells 2, 3, 10 and 11 forms the product term B.C
·
The third group of 1s comprising of cells 13 and 15 forms the product term A.B.D
·  The fourth group of 1s comprising of cells 2 and 6 forms the product term A.C.D
The  nine  term  SOP  expression  has  simplified  to  a  4  term  SOP  expression
B.D + B.C + A.B.D + A.C.D
AB\CD
00
01
11
10
1
00
1
0
1
01
0
0
0
1
11
1
1
0
10
1
0
1
1
Figure 10.14 Simplification of SOP expression using a 4-variable K-Map
Mapping Directly from Function Table
Practically, when a digital circuit is to be implemented to perform some operation, its
function is first defined using a function table. The information in the function table is directly
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
mapped to a K-map of appropriate variables which is then simplified. The simplified expression
obtained from the K-map is directly implemented using logic Gates.
Consider a logical circuit that accepts 4-bit binary numbers representing decimal
numbers 0 to 15. The circuit checks the four bit binary equivalent of the decimal number. If the
number is odd and it is a prime number the function outputs a one. Before designing the logic
circuit a function table is implemented with all the input output combinations. The function table
for the odd prime number checker is shown. Table 10.1 The output is a 1 for inputs 1, 3, 5, 7,
11 and 13.
Input
Output
Input
Output
A
B
C
D
F
A
B
C
D
F
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
Table 10.1
Function Table for Odd-Prime Checker Circuit
The 4 variable Function Table, Table 10.1 can be directly mapped to a 4 variable K-
map by marking the K-map cells with 1s corresponding to the minterms marked as 1s in the
function table. Figure 10.14. Simplifying the expression using the K-map results in
A.D + B.C.D + B.C.D . The expression can be directly implemented using logic gates.
01
AB\CD
00
11
10
00
0
1
1
0
1
01
0
1
0
0
11
0
1
0
10
0
0
1
0
Figure 10.14 Simplification of expression using a 4-variable K-Map
Don't care Conditions
Function Tables represent the function by listing all the possible inputs and marking the
corresponding outputs with 1s and 0s. Thus a circuit having four inputs can be described by a
4-variable function table having 16 possible input combinations. For each of the 16 possible
input conditions the corresponding output bits are marked as 1s and 0s depending upon the
minterms or maxterms. It is however, possible that out of the 16 possible input combinations,
three input combinations never occur. Since these three input combinations never occur so
should their corresponding outputs be marked as 0s or 1s? Since these inputs never care
therefore we don't need to worry about the output of these input states. They are considered to
be don't care conditions.
Don't care conditions are marked as x in the output column of the function table
corresponding to the don't care conditions. When the function table is mapped to the
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
corresponding K-map, the don't care conditions are marked as x. However during the grouping
process for simplification of the SOP expression the x outputs can be considered as 0 or 1. By
assigning a 0 or 1 to the cells marked with x, the final expression can be significantly
simplified.
Reconsider the last example of the Odd-Prime Number checker circuit. Assuming that
only the first ten input (0 to 9) states can occur and the last 6 inputs never occur. The function
table for the conditions that never occur is shown. Table 10.2
Input
Output
Input
Output
A
B
C
D
F
A
B
C
D
F
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
x
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
x
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
x
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
x
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
x
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
x
The function table can be directly mapped to a 4 variable K-map. Figure 10.15. The cells
marked with x are considered to be 0s. Thus the function expression is simplified to A.D
AB\CD
00
01
11
10
1
00
0
1
0
01
0
1
1
0
11
x
x
x
x
10
0
0
x
x
Figure 10.15 Simplification of expression with Don't care states
If the Odd-Parity Checker Circuit checks for numbers between 0 and 8, and states 9 to
15 never occur then the Boolean expression representing the function reduces to a single
literal D Figure 10.16. The cells 9, 10, 11, 13, 14 and 15 marked as `x' as they represent the
don't care states are considered as 1's to form a group of 8 cells. Remaining cells marked with
`x' are considered as 0's and are not involved in grouping.
01
AB\CD
00
11
10
00
0
1
1
0
01
0
1
1
0
11
x
x
x
x
10
0
x
x
x
Figure 10.16 Simplification of expression with Don't care states
Consider the K-map considered earlier in Example 6. Figure 10.13. Assume that the
input conditions A.B.C.D , A.B.C.D and A.B.C.D never occur so they are marked as x in the K-
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
map cells corresponding to the minterms that never occur. Redefining the groups using x as 0
or 1 results in a simpler expression C + A.D instead of A.B.C + C.D + B.C . Figure 10.17.
11
AB\CD
00
01
10
x
00
0
1
x
01
0
0
1
1
1
11
0
1
1
10
1
0
1
x
11
AB\CD
00
01
10
00
0
x
1
x
01
0
0
1
1
11
1
0
1
1
10
1
0
1
x
Figure 10.17
Simplified expression by incorporating the don't care states
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Table of Contents:
  1. AN OVERVIEW & NUMBER SYSTEMS
  2. Binary to Decimal to Binary conversion, Binary Arithmetic, 1’s & 2’s complement
  3. Range of Numbers and Overflow, Floating-Point, Hexadecimal Numbers
  4. Octal Numbers, Octal to Binary Decimal to Octal Conversion
  5. LOGIC GATES: AND Gate, OR Gate, NOT Gate, NAND Gate
  6. AND OR NAND XOR XNOR Gate Implementation and Applications
  7. DC Supply Voltage, TTL Logic Levels, Noise Margin, Power Dissipation
  8. Boolean Addition, Multiplication, Commutative Law, Associative Law, Distributive Law, Demorgan’s Theorems
  9. Simplification of Boolean Expression, Standard POS form, Minterms and Maxterms
  10. KARNAUGH MAP, Mapping a non-standard SOP Expression
  11. Converting between POS and SOP using the K-map
  12. COMPARATOR: Quine-McCluskey Simplification Method
  13. ODD-PRIME NUMBER DETECTOR, Combinational Circuit Implementation
  14. IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ODD-PARITY GENERATOR CIRCUIT
  15. BCD ADDER: 2-digit BCD Adder, A 4-bit Adder Subtracter Unit
  16. 16-BIT ALU, MSI 4-bit Comparator, Decoders
  17. BCD to 7-Segment Decoder, Decimal-to-BCD Encoder
  18. 2-INPUT 4-BIT MULTIPLEXER, 8, 16-Input Multiplexer, Logic Function Generator
  19. Applications of Demultiplexer, PROM, PLA, PAL, GAL
  20. OLMC Combinational Mode, Tri-State Buffers, The GAL16V8, Introduction to ABEL
  21. OLMC for GAL16V8, Tri-state Buffer and OLMC output pin
  22. Implementation of Quad MUX, Latches and Flip-Flops
  23. APPLICATION OF S-R LATCH, Edge-Triggered D Flip-Flop, J-K Flip-flop
  24. Data Storage using D-flip-flop, Synchronizing Asynchronous inputs using D flip-flop
  25. Dual Positive-Edge triggered D flip-flop, J-K flip-flop, Master-Slave Flip-Flops
  26. THE 555 TIMER: Race Conditions, Asynchronous, Ripple Counters
  27. Down Counter with truncated sequence, 4-bit Synchronous Decade Counter
  28. Mod-n Synchronous Counter, Cascading Counters, Up-Down Counter
  29. Integrated Circuit Up Down Decade Counter Design and Applications
  30. DIGITAL CLOCK: Clocked Synchronous State Machines
  31. NEXT-STATE TABLE: Flip-flop Transition Table, Karnaugh Maps
  32. D FLIP-FLOP BASED IMPLEMENTATION
  33. Moore Machine State Diagram, Mealy Machine State Diagram, Karnaugh Maps
  34. SHIFT REGISTERS: Serial In/Shift Left,Right/Serial Out Operation
  35. APPLICATIONS OF SHIFT REGISTERS: Serial-to-Parallel Converter
  36. Elevator Control System: Elevator State Diagram, State Table, Input and Output Signals, Input Latches
  37. Traffic Signal Control System: Switching of Traffic Lights, Inputs and Outputs, State Machine
  38. Traffic Signal Control System: EQUATION DEFINITION
  39. Memory Organization, Capacity, Density, Signals and Basic Operations, Read, Write, Address, data Signals
  40. Memory Read, Write Cycle, Synchronous Burst SRAM, Dynamic RAM
  41. Burst, Distributed Refresh, Types of DRAMs, ROM Read-Only Memory, Mask ROM
  42. First In-First Out (FIFO) Memory
  43. LAST IN-FIRST OUT (LIFO) MEMORY
  44. THE LOGIC BLOCK: Analogue to Digital Conversion, Logic Element, Look-Up Table
  45. SUCCESSIVE –APPROXIMATION ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL CONVERTER