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Fundamentals of Image Processing
Ian T. Young
Jan J. Gerbrands
Lucas J. van Vliet
CIP-DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG
Young, Ian Theodore
Gerbrands, Jan Jacob
Van Vliet, Lucas Jozef
FUNDAMENTALS OF IMAGE PROCESSING
ISBN 90­75691­01­7
NUGI 841
Subject headings: Digital Image Processing / Digital Image Analysis
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means--electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise--without the prior written permission of the authors.
Version 2.2
Copyright © 1995, 1997, 1998 by I.T. Young, J.J. Gerbrands and L.J. van Vliet
Cover design: I.T. Young
Printed in The Netherlands at the Delft University of Technology.
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Fundamentals of Image Processing
1.
Introduction..............................................1
2.
Digital Image Definitions.........................2
3.
Tools........................................................6
4.
Perception...............................................22
5.
Image Sampling.....................................28
6.
Noise......................................................32
7.
Cameras.................................................35
8.
Displays.................................................44
9.
Algorithms.............................................44
Ian T. Young
10.
Techniques.............................................85
Jan J. Gerbrands
11.
Acknowledgments...............................108
Lucas J. van Vliet
Delft University of Technology
12.
References............................................108
1.
Introduction
Modern digital technology has made it possible to manipulate multi-dimensional
signals with systems that range from simple digital circuits to advanced parallel
computers. The goal of this manipulation can be divided into three categories:
image in → image out
· Image Processing
image in → measurements out
· Image Analysis
image in → high-level description out
· Image Understanding
We will focus on the fundamental concepts of image processing. Space does not
permit us to make more than a few introductory remarks about image analysis.
Image understanding requires an approach that differs fundamentally from the
theme of this book. Further, we will restrict ourselves to two­dimensional (2D)
image processing although most of the concepts and techniques that are to be
described can be extended easily to three or more dimensions. Readers interested in
either greater detail than presented here or in other aspects of image processing are
referred to [1-10]
We begin with certain basic definitions. An image defined in the "real world" is
considered to be a function of two real variables, for example, a(x,y) with a as the
amplitude (e.g. brightness) of the image at the real coordinate position (x,y). An
image may be considered to contain sub-images sometimes referred to as
Table of Contents:
  1. Introduction
  2. Digital Image Definitions:COMMON VALUES, Types of operations, VIDEO PARAMETERS
  3. Tools:CONVOLUTION, FOURIER TRANSFORMS, Circularly symmetric signals
  4. Perception:BRIGHTNESS SENSITIVITY, Wavelength sensitivity, OPTICAL ILLUSIONS
  5. Image Sampling:Sampling aperture, Sampling for area measurements
  6. Noise:PHOTON NOISE, THERMAL NOISE, KTC NOISE, QUANTIZATION NOISE
  7. Cameras:LINEARITY, Absolute sensitivity, Relative sensitivity, PIXEL FORM
  8. Displays:REFRESH RATE, INTERLACING, RESOLUTION
  9. Algorithms:HISTOGRAM-BASED OPERATIONS, Equalization, Binary operations, Second Derivatives
  10. Techniques:SHADING CORRECTION, Estimate of shading, Unsharp masking
  11. Acknowledgments
  12. References