CONCLUSION

<< THE VANISHING OF ENGLISH SCENERY

they were prosperous. Some places, like our Berkshire Newbury, became the

centres of considerable traffic and had little harbours filled with barges. Barge-

building was a profitable industry. Fly-boats sped along the surface of the canals

conveying passengers to towns or watering-places, and the company were very

bright and enjoyed themselves. But all are dead highways now, strangled by steam

and by the railways. The promoters of canals opposed the railways with might and

main, and tried to protect their properties. Hence the railways were obliged to buy

them up, and then left them lone and neglected. The change was tragic. You can,

even now, travel all over the country by the means of these silent waterways. You

start from London along the Regent's Canal, which joins the Grand Junction Canal,

and this spreads forth northwards and joins other canals that ramify to the Wash, to

Manchester and Liverpool and Leeds. You can go to every great town in England

as far as York if you have patience and endless time. There are four thousand miles

of canals in England. They were not well constructed; we built them just as we do

many other things, without any regular system, with no uniform depth or width or

carrying capacity, or size of locks or height of bridges. Canals bearing barges of

forty tons connect with those capable of bearing ninety tons. And now most of

them are derelict, with dilapidated banks, foul bottoms, and shallow horse haulage.

The bargemen have taken to other callings, but occasionally you may see a barge

looking gay and bright drawn by an unconcerned horse on the towpath, with a man

lazily smoking his pipe at the helm and his family of water gipsies, who pass an

open-air, nomadic existence, tranquil, and entirely innocent of schooling. He is a

survival of an almost vanished race which the railways have caused to disappear.

Much destruction of beautiful scenery is, alas! inevitable. Trade and commerce,

mills and factories, must work their wicked will on the landscapes of our country.

Mr. Ruskin's experiment on the painting of Turner, quoted in our opening chapter,

finds its realisation in many places. There was a time, I suppose, when the Mersey

was a pure river that laved the banks carpeted with foliage and primroses on which

the old Collegiate Church of Manchester reared its tower. It is now, and has been

for years, an inky-black stream or drain running between stone walls, where it does

not hide its foul waters for very shame beneath an arched culvert. There was a time

when many a Yorkshire village basked in the sunlight. Now they are great

overgrown towns usually enveloped in black smoke. The only day when you can

see the few surviving beauties of a northern manufacturing town or village is

Sunday, when the tall factory chimneys cease to vomit their clouds of smoke which

kills the trees, or covers the struggling leaves with black soot. We pay dearly for

our commercial progress in this sacrifice of Nature's beauties.

CHAPTER XX

CONCLUSION

Whatever method can be devised for the prevention of the vanishing of England's

chief characteristics are worthy of consideration. First there must be the continued

education of the English people in the appreciation of ancient buildings and other

relics of antiquity. We must learn to love them, or we shall not care to preserve

them. An ignorant squire or foolish landowner may destroy in a day some priceless

object of antiquity which can never be replaced. Too often it is the agent who is to

blame. Squires are very much in the hands of their agents, and leave much to them

to decide and carry out. When consulted they do not take the trouble to inspect the

threatened building, and merely confirm the suggestions of the agents. Estate

agents, above all people, need education in order that the destruction of much that

is precious may be averted.

The Government has done well in appointing commissions for England, Scotland,

and Wales to inquire into and report on the condition of ancient monuments, but we

lag behind many other countries in the task of protecting and preserving the

memorials of the past.

In France national monuments of historic or artistic interest are scheduled under the

direction of the Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts. In cases in which a

monument is owned by a private individual, it usually may not be scheduled

without the consent of the owner, but if his consent is withheld the State Minister is

empowered to purchase compulsorily. No monument so scheduled may be

destroyed or subjected to works of restoration, repair, or alteration without the

consent of the Minister, nor may new buildings be annexed to it without permission

from the same quarter. Generally speaking, the Minister is advised by a

commission of historical monuments, consisting of leading officials connected with

fine arts, public buildings, and museums. Such a commission has existed since

1837, and very considerable sums of public money have been set apart to enable it

to carry on its work. In 1879 a classification of some 2500 national monuments was

made, and this classification has been adopted in the present law. It includes

megalithic remains, classical remains, and medieval, Renaissance, and modern

buildings and ruins.63

We do not suggest that in England we should imitate the very drastic restorations to

which some of the French abbeys and historic buildings are subjected. The

authorities have erred greatly in destroying so much original work and their

restorations, as in the case of Mont St. Michel, have been practically a rebuilding.

The Belgian people appear to have realized for a very long time the importance of

preserving their historic and artistic treasures. By a royal decree of 1824 bodies in

charge of church temporalities are reminded that they are managers merely, and

while they are urged to undertake in good time the simple repairs that are needed

for the preservation of the buildings in their charge, they are strictly forbidden to

demolish any ecclesiastical building without authority from the Ministry which

deals with the subject of the fine arts. By the same decree they are likewise

forbidden to alienate works of art or historical monuments placed in churches. Nine

years later, in 1835, in view of the importance of assuring the preservation of all

national monuments remarkable for their antiquity, their association, or their artistic

value, another decree was issued constituting a Royal Commission for the purpose

of advising as to the repairs required by such monuments. Nearly 200,000 francs

are annually voted for expenditure for these purposes. The strict application of

these precautionary measures has allowed a number of monuments of the highest

interest in their relation to art and archæology to be protected and defended, but it

does not appear that the Government controls in any way those monuments which

are in the hands of private persons.64

In Holland public money to the extent of five or six thousand pounds a year is spent

on preserving and maintaining national monuments and buildings of antiquarian

and architectural interest. In Germany steps are being taken which we might follow

with advantage in this country, to control and limit the disfigurement of landscapes

by advertisement hoardings.

A passage from the ministerial order of 1884 with reference to the restoration of

churches may be justly quoted:--

"If the restoration of a public building is to be completely successful, it

is absolutely essential that the person who directs it should combine

with an enlightened æsthetic sense an artistic capacity in a high degree,

and, moreover, be deeply imbued with feelings of veneration for all

that has come down to us from ancient times. If a restoration is carried

out without any real comprehension of the laws of architecture, the

result can only be a production of common and dreary artificiality,

recognizable perhaps as belonging to one of the architectural styles,

but wanting the stamp of true art, and, therefore, incapable of

awakening the enthusiasm of the spectator."

And again:--

"In consequence of the removal or disfigurement of monuments which

have been erected during the course of centuries--monuments which

served, as it were, as documents of the historical development of past

periods of culture, which have, moreover, a double interest and value if

left undisturbed on the spot where they were originally erected--the

sympathy of congregations with the history of their church is

diminished, and, a still more lamentable consequence, a number of

objects of priceless artistic value destroyed or squandered, whereby the

property of the church suffers a serious loss."

How much richer might we be here in England if only our central authorities had in

the past circulated these admirable doctrines!

Very wisely has the Danish Government prohibited the removal of stones from

monuments of historic interest for utilitarian purposes, such as is causing the rapid

disappearance of the remains on Dartmoor in this country; and the Greeks have

stringent regulations to ensure the preservation of antiquities, which are regarded as

national property, and may on no account be damaged either by owner or lessee. It

has actually been found necessary to forbid the construction of limekilns nearer

than two miles from any ancient ruins, in order to remove the temptation for the

filching of stones. In Italy there are stringent laws for the protection of historical

and ancient monuments. Road-mending is a cause of much destruction of

antiquarian objects in all countries, even in Italy, where the law has been invoked to

protect ancient monuments from the highway authorities.

We need not record the legal enactments of other Governments, so admirably

summarized by Mr. Bond in his paper read before the Dorset Natural History and

Antiquarian Field Club. We see what other countries much poorer than our own are

doing to protect their national treasures, and though the English Government has

been slow in realizing the importance of the ancient monuments of this country, we

believe that it is inclined to move in the right direction, and to do its utmost to

preserve those that have hitherto escaped the attacks of the iconoclasts, and the

heedlessness and stupidity of the Gallios "who care for none of these things."

When an old building is hopelessly dilapidated, what methods can be devised for its

restoration and preservation? To pull it down and rebuild it is to destroy its

historical associations and to make it practically a new structure. Happily science

has recently discovered a new method for the preserving of these old buildings

without destroying them, and this good angel is the grouting machine, the invention

of Mr. James Greathead, which has been the means of preventing much of

vanishing England. Grout, we understand, is a mixture of cement, sand, and water,

and the process of grouting was probably not unknown to the Romans. But the

grouting machine is a modern invention, and it has only been applied to ancient

buildings during the last six or seven years.65 It is unnecessary to describe its

mechanism, but its admirable results may be summarized. Suppose an old building

shows alarming cracks. By compressed air you blow out the old decayed mortar,

and then damping the masonry by the injection of water, you insert the nozzle of

the machine and force the grout into the cracks and cavities, and soon the whole

mass of decayed masonry is cemented together and is as sound as ever it was. This

method has been successfully applied to Winchester Cathedral, the old walls of

Chester, and to various churches and towers. It in no way destroys the

characteristics and features of the building, the weatherworn surfaces of the old

stones, their cracks and deformations, and even the moss and lichen which time has

planted on them need not be disturbed. Pointing is of no avail to preserve a

building, as it only enters an inch or two in depth. Underpinning is dangerous if the

building be badly cracked, and may cause collapse. But if you shore the structure

with timber, and then weld its stones together by applying the grouting machine,

you turn the whole mass of masonry into a monolith, and can then strengthen the

foundations in any way that may be found necessary. The following story of the

saving of an old church, as told by Mr. Fox, proclaims the merits of this scientific

invention better than any description can possibly do:--

"The ancient church of Corhampton, near Bishops Waltham, in

Hampshire, is an instance. This Saxon church, 1300 years old, was in a

sadly dilapidated condition. In the west gable there were large cracks,

one from the ridge to the ground, another nearer the side wall, both

wide enough for a man's arm to enter; whilst at the north-west angle

the Saxon work threatened to fall bodily off. The mortar of the walls

had perished through age, and the ivy had penetrated into the interior

of the church in every direction. It would have been unsafe to attempt

any examination of the foundations for fear of bringing down the

whole fabric; consequently the grouting machine was applied all over

the building. The grout escaped at every point, and it occupied the

attention of the masons both inside and outside to stop it promptly by

plastering clay on to the openings from which it was running.

"After the operation had been completed and the clay was removed,

the interior was found to be completely filled with cement set very

hard; and sufficient depth having been left for fixing the flint work

outside and tiling inside, the result was that no trace of the crack was

visible, and the walls were stronger and better than they had ever been

before. Subsequent steps were then taken to examine and, where

necessary, to underpin the walls, and the church is saved, as the vicar,

the Rev. H. Churton, said, 'all without moving one of the Saxon "long

and short" stones.'"

In our chapter on the delightful and picturesque old bridges that form such beautiful

features of our English landscapes, we deplored the destruction now going on

owing to the heavy traction-engines which some of them have to bear and the rush

and vibration of motor-cars which cause the decay of the mortar and injure their

stability. Many of these old bridges, once only wide enough for pack-horses to

cross, then widened for the accommodation of coaches, beautiful and graceful in

every way, across which Cavaliers rode to fight the Roundheads, and were alive

with traffic in the old coaching days, have been pulled down and replaced by the

hideous iron-girder arrangements which now disfigure so many of our streams and

rivers. In future, owing to this wonderful invention of the grouting machine, these

old bridges can be saved and made strong enough to last another five hundred

years. Mr. Fox tells us that an old Westmoreland bridge in a very bad condition has

been so preserved, and that the celebrated "Auld Brig o' Ayr" has been saved from

destruction by this means. A wider knowledge of the beneficial effects of this

wonderful machine would be of invaluable service to the country, and prevent the

passing away of much that in these pages we have mourned. By this means we may

be able to preserve our old and decaying buildings for many centuries, and hand

down to posterity what Ruskin called the great entail of beauty bequeathed to us.

Vanishing England has a sad and melancholy sound. Nevertheless, the examples

we have given of the historic buildings, and the beauties of our towns and villages,

prove that all has not yet disappeared which appeals to the heart and intellect of the

educated Englishman. And oftentimes the poor and unlearned appreciate the relics

that remain with quite as much keenness as their richer neighbours. A world

without beauty is a world without hope. To check vandalism, to stay the hand of the

iconoclast and destroyer, to prevent the invasion and conquest of the beauties

bequeathed to us by our forefathers by the reckless and ever-engrossing

commercial and utilitarian spirit of the age, are some of the objects of our book,

which may be useful in helping to preserve some of the links that connect our own

times with the England of the past, and in increasing the appreciation of the

treasures that remain by the Englishmen of to-day.

INDEX

Abbey towns,210-29

Abbot's Ann, 381

---- Hospital, Guildford, 343

Abingdon, 278

---- bridge, 320

---- hospital, 344

---- archives of, 365

Age, a progressive, 2

Albans, St., Abbey, 212

---- inn at, 254

Aldeburgh, 18

Aldermaston, 196, 381

Alfriston, 256

Allington Castle, 124

Alnwick, 31

Almshouses, 333-48

Almsmen's liveries, 346

American rapacity, 6-7, 164, 183

Ancient Monuments Commission, 392

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle on Castles, 116

Armour, 184

Art treasures dispersed, 5

Ashbury camp, 208

Atleburgh, Norfolk, 147

Avebury, stone circle at, 207

---- manor-house, 180

Aylesbury, Vale of, 86, 91

---- inn at, 256

Bainbridge, inn at, 254

Banbury, 83

Barkham, 148

Barnard Castle, 119

Barrington Court, 189

Bartholomew's, St., Priory, 351-9

Bath, city of, 220

Beauty of English scenery vanishing, 383-91

Berkeley Castle, 118

Berwick-on-Tweed, 29, 31

Beverley, 303, 310

Bewcastle Cross, 288

Bledlow Crosses, 303

Bodiam Castle, 125

Bonfires of old deeds, 366

Bosham, 16

Bournemouth, 17

Bowthorpe, 139

Boxford, 145

Bradford-on-Avon, 142, 328

Branks, 315

Bray, Jesus Hospital at, 340

Bridges, destruction of, 10

---- old, 318-32

Bridgwater Bay, 17

Bridlington, 17

Bristol Cathedral, 220

Burford, 94

Burgh-next-Walton, 17

Burgh Castle, 112

Caister Castle, 126

Canals, 389

Canterbury Cathedral, 211

---- inns at, 248

Capel, Surrey, 82

Castles, old, 111-32

Cathedral cities, 210-29

Caversham bridge, 322

Chalfont St. Giles, 88

Charms of villages, 67

Chester, 50

Chests, church, 159

Chests in houses, 196

Chichester, 164

---- hospital at, 335

Chingford, Essex, 141

Chipping Campden, 345

Chipping monuments, 164

Church, a painted, 158

---- furniture, 158

---- plate, 160

Churches, Vanishing or Vanished, 133-65

Churchwarden's account-books, 366

Cinque Ports, 23

Cirencester, 270

Clipping churches, 378

Clock at Wells, 214

Cloth Fair, Smithfield, 356

Coast erosion, 15-27

Coastguards, their uses, 27

Cobham, 336

Coleshill bridge, 326

Colston Bassett, 139

Commonwealth, spoliation during the, 148, 220

Compton Wynyates, 174

Conway, 31

Corhampton church, 397

Cornwall, prehistoric remains in, 204

Corsham, 345

Cottages, beauties of old, 68, 108

Covehithe, 17

Coventry, 58, 255, 345

Cowper at Weston, 170

Cranbrook registers, 372

Crane bridge, Salisbury, 327

Cromer, 17

Crosses, 283-305

---- wayside, 293

---- market, 293

---- boundary, 300

---- at Cross-roads and Holy Wells, 300

---- sanctuary, 303

---- as guide-posts, 303

Crowhurst, 181

Croyland bridge, 324

Cucking stool, 314

Curious entries in registers, 373

Customs that are vanishing, 375-82

Deal, 86

Derby, West, stocks restored, 312

Devizes, inn at, 260

Dickens, C., and inns, 242

Disappearance of England, 15-27

Documents, disappearance of old, 364-74

Dover Castle, 117

Dowsing, W., spoliator, 148

Dunwich, 22

Eashing bridge, 327

Eastbourne, 17

Easter customs, 379

Easton Bavent, 17

Edwardian castles, 123

Elizabethan house, an, 104, 178

Ely fair, 363

---- registry plundered, 369

England, disappearance of, 15-27

Essex, 100

Estate agents, 10

Evesham, 223

Ewelme, 345

Exeter town hall, 280

Experience, a weird, 171

Fairs, vanishing, 349-63

Fastolfe, Sir John, 126

Felixstowe, 18

Fig Sunday, 379

Fires in houses, 166

Fishermen's Hospital, 342

Fitzstephen on Smithfield Fair, 352

Flagon, a remarkable, 194

Football in streets, 378

Forests destroyed, 386

Foreign governments and monuments, 392-5

Friday, Good, customs on, 379

Furniture, old, 196

---- church, 158

Galleting, 78

Garden cities, 384

Gates of Chester, 51

Geffery Almshouses, 337

Gibbet-irons, 316

Glastonbury, 147, 250

---- powder horn found at, 192

Gloucester, 252

Goodening custom, 377

Gorleston, 45

Gosforth Cross, 289

Grantham, inns at, 240

---- crosses at, 298

Greenwich, the "Ship" at, 260

Grouting machine, 396

Guildford, 343

Guildhalls, 268

Guildhall at Lynn, 38

Gundulf, a builder of castles, 115

Hall, Bishop, his palace, 246

Halton Cross, 291

Hampton, 17

Happisburgh, 17

Hardy, T., on restoration, 156

Hartwell House, 196

Heckfield, 160

Herne Bay, 17

Hever Castle, 124

Higham Ferrers, 335

Hints to Churchwardens, 153

Holinshed quoted, 177, 191

Holman Hunt, Mr., on bridges, 318

Honiton Fair, 360

Hornby Cross, 292

Horsham slates, 80

Horsmonden, Kent, 82

Hospitals, old, 333-48

Houses, old, 104, 171

---- destroyed, 5

---- half-timber, 57, 74, 107

Hungate, St. Peter, Norwich, 140

Hungerford, 308, 314

Huntingdon, inn at, 240

---- bridge at, 327

Ilsley, West, sheep fair, 362

Inns, signs of, 262

---- old, 230-65

---- retired from business, 259

---- at Banbury, 84

Intwood, Norfolk, 140

Ipswich, 45

Irving, Washington, on Inns, 234

Ivy, evils of, 141

Jessop, spoliator, 150

Jousts at Smithfield, 353

Kent bridges, 326

Keswick, Norfolk, 140

Kilnsea, 17, 21

Kirby Bedon, 139

Kirkstead, 141

Leeds Cross, 290

---- Castle, 123

Leominster, 314

Levellers at Burford, 97

Lichgate at Chalfont, 90

Links with past severed, 3

Liscombe, Dorset, 140

Littleport, 86

Llanrwst bridge, 320

Llanwddyn vale destroyed, 384

London, vanishing, 11

---- churches, 135

---- growth of, 70

---- Inns, 238

---- Livery Companies' Almshouses, 338

---- Paul's Cross, 304

---- St. Bartholomew's Fair, 351-9

---- water supply threatens a village, 385

Lowestoft, 150

Lynn Bay, 17

Lynn Regis, 35, 342

Mab's Cross, Wigan, 304

Maidstone, 280

Maidenhead bridge, 320

Maldon, 103

Manor-houses, 177

Mansions, old, 166-202

Marlborough, inn at, 259

Martyrs burnt at Smithfield, 353

Megalithic remains, 203

Memory, folk, instance of, 208

Menhirs, 203, 204

Merchant Guilds, 267

Milton's Cottage, 88

"Mischief, the Load of," 262

Monmouthshire castles, 128

Mothering Sunday, 379

Mottes, Norman, 111, 115

Mumming at Christmas, 376

Municipal buildings, old, 266-82

National Trust for the Protection of Places of Historic Interest, 141, 189, 278, 281,

386

Newbury, stocks at, 309

---- town hall, 274

Newcastle, 111

---- walls, 34

New Forest partly destroyed, 386

Newton-by-Corton, 17

Norham Castle, 120

Norton St. Philip, 255

Nottingham Goose Fair, 360

Norwich, 244, 271

---- hospitals at, 342

Ockwells, Berks, 187

Olney bridge, 330

Orford Castle, 118

Oundle, 338

Oxford, 70

---- St. Giles's Fair, 360

Palimpsest brasses, 147

Palm Sunday customs, 379

Pakefield, 17

Paston family, 126, 140, 246

Penshurst, 181

Pevensey Castle, 112

Plaster, the use of, 180

Plough Monday, 378

Pontefract Castle, 121

Poole, 17

Porchester Castle, 112

Ports and harbours, 84

Portsmouth, 86

Poulton-in-the-Fylde, 311

Pounds, 312

Prehistoric remains, destruction of, 203-9

Preservation of registers, 374

Progress, 2

Punishments, old-time, 306-17

Quainton, Bucks, 337

Radcot bridge, 323

Ranton, house at, 107

---- priory, 138

Ravensburgh, 20, 21

Reading, guild hall at, 274

---- Fair, 360

Rebels' heads on gateways, 32

Reculver, 23

Reformation, iconoclasm at, 145, 218

Restoration, evils of, 9, 10, 151, 153, 156, 220

Richard II., murder of, 121

Richmond, 111, 260

Ringstead, 140

Rochester, 35, 248

Rollright stones, 204

Roman fortresses, 114

Rood-screens removed, 158

Roudham, 140

Rows at Yarmouth, 42

---- ---- Portsmouth, 86

Ruskin, 3, 67, 198, 200

Ruthwell Cross, 289

Rye, 60

Saffron Walden, 100

Salisbury, halls of guilds at, 281

Sandwich, 34

St. Albans Cathedral, 212

---- inn at, 254

St. Audrey's laces, 363

St. Bartholomew's, Smithfield, 351-9

St. Margaret's Bay, 17

Salisbury, halls of guilds at, 281, 294

Sandwich, 34

Saxon churches, 144

Scenery, vanishing of English, 3, 383-91

Scold's bridle, 315

Sea-serpent at Heybridge, 104

Selsea, 23

"Seven Stars" at Manchester, 252

Shingle, flow of, 26

Shrewsbury, 52, 270

Shrivenham, Berks, 165

Shrovetide customs, 378

Signboards, 264

Sieges of towns, 32

Simnels, 379

Skegness, 21

Skipton, 310

Smithfield Fair, 351-9

Smuggling, 258

Society for Protection of Ancient Buildings, 141, 320, 326

Somerset, Duke of, spoliator, 146

Somerset crosses, 296

Sonning bridges, 318

Southport, 16

Southwell, inn at, 144

Southwold, 17, 18

Staircases, old, 196

Staffordshire churches, 136

Stamford, hospitals at, 336

Stilton, inn at, 243

Stocks, 306-17

-- in literature, 307

Stonehenge, 205

Storeys, projecting, 72

Stourbridge Fair, 362

Stow Green Fair, 362

Strategic position of castles, 114

Streets and lanes, in, 67-110

Stump Cross, 304

Suffolk coast, 20

Surrey cottages, 76

Sussex coast, 17

Sussex, Robert, Earl of, spoliator, 147

Swallowfield Park, 194

Tancred, description of an inn, 236

Taunton Castle, 129

Tewkesbury, inns at, 252

Thame, 91, 367

Thatch for roofing, 78

Thorpe-in-the-Fields, 139

Tile-hung cottages, 77

Tournaments at Smithfield, 353

Towns, old walled, 28-66

---- abbey, 210-29

---- decayed, 266

---- halls, 266-82

Turpin's ride to York, 240

Tyneside, coast erosion at, 21

Udimore, Sussex, 94

Uxbridge, inn at, 256

Viking legends, 290, 291

Walberswick, Suffolk, 148

Walled towns, old, 28-66

Walls, city, destroyed, 12

Wallingford, 276, 313

Warwick, 70, 159

Wash, land gaining on sea, 16

Water-clock, 196

Well customs, 381

Wells, cross at, 297

Wells Cathedral, 213-16

Welsh castles, 130

Weston house, 170

Whipping-posts, 306-17

White Horse Hill, 206

Whitewash, the era of, 157

Whittenham Clumps, 207

Whittenham, Little, 152

Whitling church, 139

Whittington College, 338

Winchester, St. Cross, 334

Winchmore Hill Woods, destroyed, 386

Window tax, 180

Winster, 278

Witney Butter Cross, 297

Wirral, Cheshire, 25

Wokingham, 277

---- Lucas's Hospital at, 340

Wood, Anthony, at Thame, 93

Wymondham, 256, 297

Yarmouth, 17, 40, 147, 342

York, 48

---- walls of, 34

Yorkshire coast, 17

Ypres Tower, Rye, 64

FOOTNOTES

1 History of Oxfordshire, by J. Meade Falkner.

2 It is now in possession of Mr. Kenneth M. Clark, by whose permission

the accompanying plan, reproduced from the Memorials of Old Suffolk,

was made.

3 Memorials of Old Suffolk, edited by V.B. Redstone, p. 226.

4 The Builder, April 16, 1904.

5 History of Renaissance Architecture, by R. Blomfield.

6 Cf. Memorials of Suffolk, edited by V.B. Redstone.

7 The Chester folk have a proverb, "When the daughter is stolen, shut

Pepper-gate"--referring to the well-known story of a daughter of a

Mayor of Chester having made her escape with her lover through this

gate, which he ordered to be closed, but too late to prevent the fugitives.

8 The Rev. T. Auden, Shrewsbury (Methuen and Co.).

9 Ibid., p. 48.

10 The Charm of the English Village (Batsford).

11 The Charm of the English Village, pp. 50-7.

12 Old West Surrey, by Gertrude Jekyll, p. 206.

13 Highways and Byways in Sussex, by E.V. Lucas.

14 I fear the poet's plans will never be passed by the rural district council.

15 The rood-loft has unfortunately disappeared.

16 Excursions in Essex, published in 1819, states: "The old market cross

and gaol are taking down. The market cross has long been considered a

nuisance."

17 These tiles have now found a place in the excellent local museum.

18 A payment to the superior lord for protection.

19 Cf. Memorials of Old Suffolk, p. 65.

20 Grose's Antiquities.

21 Taunton and its Castle, by D.P. Alford (Memorials of Old Somerset),

p. 149.

22 A fine linen cloth made in Brittany (cf. Coriolanus, Act ii. sc. 1).

23 A rich sort of stuff interwoven with gold and silver, made at Tournay,

which was formerly called Dorneck, in Flanders.

24 An alloy of copper and zinc.

25 Large standard candlesticks.

26 The Lent cloth, hung before the altar during Lent.

27 A Pax.

28 History of the Church in England, p. 401.

29 Doubtless our author means Norman.

30 A china punch-bowl was actually presented by Sir T. Drake to be used

as a font at Woodbury, Devon.

31 English Church Furniture, by Dr. Cox and A. Harvey.

32 The Parish Councillor, an article by Dr. Jessop, September 20, 1895.

33 Canon F.E. Warren recently reported to the Suffolk Institute of

Archæology that while he was dining at a friend's house he saw two

chalices on the table.

34 Memorials of Old Warwickshire, edited by Miss Alice Dryden.

35 The present Marquis of Northampton in his book contends that the

house was mainly built in the reign of Henry VII by Edmund Compton,

Sir William's father, and that Sir William only enlarged and added to the

house. We have not space to record the arguments in favour of or against

this view.

36 The Progresses of James I, by Nichols.

37 Old-time Parson, by P.H. Ditchfield, 1908.

38 Country Life, September 17th, 1904.

39 Farmers.

40 Stand away.

41 One just.

42 The Builder, March 6, 1909.

43 It is erroneously styled Bishop Hall's Palace. An episcopal palace is

the official residence of the bishop in his cathedral city. Not even a

country seat of a bishop is correctly called a palace, much less the

residence of a bishop when ejected from his see.

44 History of Newbury, by Walter Money, F.S.A.

45 Report of the State of Lancashire in 1590 (Chetham Society, Vol.

XCVI, p. 5).

46 Ancient Crosses of Lancashire, by Henry Taylor.

47 Ancient Crosses and Holy Wells of Lancashire, by Henry Taylor,

F.S.A.

48 Ancient Crosses and Holy Wells of Lancashire, by Henry Taylor,

F.S.A.

49 Ibid.

50 Act of Parliament, 1405.

51 History of Hungerford, by W. Money, p. 38.

52 Notes and Queries, 4th series, X, p. 6.

53 Ancient Crosses and Holy Wells of Lancashire, by H. Taylor, F.S.A.,

p. 37.

54 History of Skipton, W.H. Dawson, quoted in Bygone Punishments, p.

199.

55 The corporation of Hungerford is peculiar, the head official being

termed the constable, who corresponded with the mayor in less original

boroughs.

56 Act of Parliament 25 George II.

57 Ferry.

58 Mr. Nisbett gives a good account of the hospital in Memorials of Old

Hampshire, and Mr. Champneys fully describes the buildings in the

Architectural Review, October, 1903, and April, 1904.

59 The Treasury, November, 1907, an article on hospitals by Dr.

Hermitage Day.

60 Highways and Byways in Berkshire.

61 Old English Customs Extant at the Present Time (Methuen and Co.).

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