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BONDS’ VALUATION:Long Bond - Risk Theory, Bond Portfolio Theory, Interest Rate Tradeoff

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Financial Management ­ MGT201
VU
Lesson 14
BONDS' VALUATION
Learning Objectives:
After going through this lecture, you would be able to have an understanding of the following topic.
·  Bonds Valuation and Theory
In the Previous lecture, we have studied about bonds and their different characteristics.
In this lecture, we would study about the Bonds valuation & bond pricing.
We use similar tools for the bond valuation which we have studied in capital budgeting.
Basic principal behind Valuation of direct claim securities:
Value of a Direct Claim Security such as a Bond derives from direct cash flows the form of Coupon
Receipts and Par Recovery at maturity. The value of the bond is directly tied to the Value of the
Underlying Real Assets of the Business (whose operations generate cash receipts from sales of goods
and services). It means that income from the bond starts from the real assets. The coupon payments
made by the company are generated from the cash flows from the real assets of the company.
Now, we would calculate the value of the bond by using Net Present Value or Present Value
formula that we have studied in the capital budgeting. That is called fair or intrinsic value of the bond.
We compare the fair value with the market value of that bond. Whether there is a difference between the
fair value and market value of the bond.
Let's review the present value formula for the bond in detail.
The relationship between present value and net present value
NPV = -Io + PV
When we talk about the present value it is equal to net present value + initial investment.
We calculate the present value of the direct claim securities because it gives us intrinsic value of that
direct claim security should be. It is the starting point of comparing them
Present Value formula for the bond:
n
PV=  CFt / (1+rD)t =CF1/(1+rD)+CFn/(1+rD)2 +..+CFn/ (1+rD) n +PAR/ (1+rD) n
t =1
In this formula
PV = Intrinsic Value of Bond or Fair Price (in rupees) paid to invest in the bond. It is the Expected or
Theoretical Price and NOT the actual Market Price.
rD = it is very important term which you should understand it care fully. It is Bondholder's (or
Investor's) Required Rate of Return for investing in Bond (Debt).As conservative you can choose
minimum interest rate. It is derived from Macroeconomic or Market Interest Rate. Different from the
Coupon Rate!
Recall Macroeconomic or Market Interest Theory: i = iRF + g + DR + MR + LP + SR
CF = cash flow = Coupon Receipt Value (in Rupees) = Coupon Interest Rate x Par Value. Represents
cash receipts (or in-flow) for Bondholder (Investor). Often times an ANNUITY pattern. Coupon Rate
derived from Macroeconomic or Market Interest Rate. The Future Cash Flows from a bond are simply
the regular Coupon Receipt cash in-flows over the life of the Bond. But, at Maturity Date there are 2
Cash In-flows: (1) the Coupon Receipt and (2) the Recovered Par or Face Value (or Principal)
n = Maturity or Life of Bond (in years)
In the next lectures, you would study that how the required rate of return is related to market rate of
return.
The fair value of the bond is the value that we expect the bond to be. We have to compare this value
with the actual price of the bond in the market. The actual price of the bond (market value) varies on the
supply and demand of the bond in the market and it will vary depending upon the interest rate in the
bond.
On the basis of above comparison we decide whether to invest in a particular bond or not.
The market rate of interest prevailing in the market effects price of the bond. Because, market rate
of return will have an impact on rD which is the required rate of return expect by the investor of the
bond.
When Market Interest Rate (ie. Investors' Required Rate of Return) Increases, the Value (or
Price) of Bond Decreases. Check using formula. This is known as Interest Rate Risk. This is a
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Financial Management ­ MGT201
VU
simple relationship because rD which will rise and fall with the general interest rate is in the
denominator of the equation. So, when interest rate in denominator goes up the present value (price)
will decrease.
When Market Interest Rate have went behind the coupon interest rate. As the coupon interest
rate has been fixed by the bond issuer .The issuer have to pay that rate but the market rate fluctuates
on daily and hourly basis.
So, When Market Interest Rate < Coupon Interest Rate, Market Value (or Price) of Bond > Par
Value. Because when market is offering lower rate of return then the bond then the bond becomes
valuable. This is known as a Premium Bond. If Required Rate = Coupon Rate then Market Value =
Par Value. Check using formula. As Maturity Date approaches, Market Value of Bond will
approach its Par Value. Note: Market Rate varies but Coupon Rate is fixed.
Bonds have the limited life and as the life of a bond expires the bond approaches its maturity
date the market value of the bond approaches to par value of the bond.
Long Bond - Risk Theory:
Interest Rate Risk for Long Term Bonds (i.e. 10 year bonds) is more than the Interest Rate Risk
for Short Term Bonds (i.e. 1 year bonds) provided the coupon rate for the bonds is similar. When
investor buy a long term bond he is locked in investment for long term period there are more chances of
fluctuation in interest rate and the inflation rate.
So, the impact of interest rate changes on Long Term bonds is greater. Long Term Bond Prices
fluctuate more because their Coupon Rates are fixed (or locked) for a long time even though Market
Interest Rates are fluctuating daily; therefore the price of Long Bonds has to constantly keep adjusting.
Price of the long term bond fluctuates more as compared to the short term bond. Because, you
have a long term bond with fix coupon rate but the market interest rate is fluctuating in between the
years
Bond Portfolio Theory:
Changes in Market / Macro Interest Rates have 2 Major Impacts on the Portfolio (collection of bond
investments) of the Bondholder:
(1) Interest Rate Risk: In this, the value of Bond Portfolio Drops if interest rates Rise) and
(2) Reinvestment Risk: In this, the overall Rate of Return (or Yield) on the Bond Portfolio
Rises when interest rates rise the opportunity cost for the bond holder has changed. For
example, somebody may have bought a short term bond with coupon rate of 15 % for one
year. At maturity there is a risk that bondholder may not find another investment that can
yield as much as 15%.
When old bonds mature, bondholders are forced to invest in
bonds at lower coupon rates). It is higher for short term bonds.
Interest Rate Tradeoff:
The 2 Effects Cancel Each Other Out. When market Interest Rates Rise, Bond Prices Drop
(Interest Rate Risk Goes Up) BUT Overall Returns on future reinvestment in bonds go up (ie.
Reinvestment Risk Goes Down).
Bond Maturity (Life) Tradeoff:
SHORT-life bonds (ie. 1 year) have less Interest Rate Risk than long Bonds (ie. 10 years) but
the Short-life bonds have MORE Reinvestment Rate Risk.
Bond Valuation - Café Case Study
Example:
You do not have enough money to start your business so you approach a bank. The bank offers
to lend you Rs 100,000 and you sign a bond paper. The bank asks you to issue a bond in their favour on
the following terms required by the bank:
Par Value = Rs 100,000 (ie. Loan Principal Amount)
Maturity = 2 years
Coupon Rate = 15% mark-up paid at end of each year
Security = Property Deed for the canteen space
Note: This is a simplified case where we are treating a short-term bank loan like a Bond.
For the Bank, what is the Value of Investing in a Bond with you?
CF = Cash Flow = Coupon Value
= Coupon Rate x Par Value
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Financial Management ­ MGT201
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= 15% x Rs 100,000 = Rs15,000 pa.
The bank will receive Rs 15,000 in interest every year for two years from you because you have
agreed to pay 15% mark-up.
Assume the Bank's Required Return (rD) = 10% pa. The bank's opportunity cost is 10% because it
can earn this much by investing risk free in T-bills
Now compute the PV or Fair Price of Bond:
­  PV = 15,000 / 1.1 + 15,000 / (1.1)2 + 100,000 / (1.1)2 = 13,636 + 12,397 + 82,645 =
+Rs. 108,678 (= PV and NOT NPV!)
So, what is the Value of this Financing Deal to the Bank? Lending (ie. negative Rs 100,000) to you
today at 15% mark-up for 2 years is worth positive Rs 108,678 to the bank today, i.e. A net gain in
value for the bank. BUT, if some other bank offers to pay Rs 110,000 to this bank to buy this deal
from them, then this bank should sell!
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Table of Contents:
  1. INTRODUCTION TO FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT:Corporate Financing & Capital Structure,
  2. OBJECTIVES OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, FINANCIAL ASSETS AND FINANCIAL MARKETS:Real Assets, Bond
  3. ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:Basic Financial Statements, Profit & Loss account or Income Statement
  4. TIME VALUE OF MONEY:Discounting & Net Present Value (NPV), Interest Theory
  5. FINANCIAL FORECASTING AND FINANCIAL PLANNING:Planning Documents, Drawback of Percent of Sales Method
  6. PRESENT VALUE AND DISCOUNTING:Interest Rates for Discounting Calculations
  7. DISCOUNTING CASH FLOW ANALYSIS, ANNUITIES AND PERPETUITIES:Multiple Compounding
  8. CAPITAL BUDGETING AND CAPITAL BUDGETING TECHNIQUES:Techniques of capital budgeting, Pay back period
  9. NET PRESENT VALUE (NPV) AND INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN (IRR):RANKING TWO DIFFERENT INVESTMENTS
  10. PROJECT CASH FLOWS, PROJECT TIMING, COMPARING PROJECTS, AND MODIFIED INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN (MIRR)
  11. SOME SPECIAL AREAS OF CAPITAL BUDGETING:SOME SPECIAL AREAS OF CAPITAL BUDGETING, SOME SPECIAL AREAS OF CAPITAL BUDGETING
  12. CAPITAL RATIONING AND INTERPRETATION OF IRR AND NPV WITH LIMITED CAPITAL.:Types of Problems in Capital Rationing
  13. BONDS AND CLASSIFICATION OF BONDS:Textile Weaving Factory Case Study, Characteristics of bonds, Convertible Bonds
  14. BONDS’ VALUATION:Long Bond - Risk Theory, Bond Portfolio Theory, Interest Rate Tradeoff
  15. BONDS VALUATION AND YIELD ON BONDS:Present Value formula for the bond
  16. INTRODUCTION TO STOCKS AND STOCK VALUATION:Share Concept, Finite Investment
  17. COMMON STOCK PRICING AND DIVIDEND GROWTH MODELS:Preferred Stock, Perpetual Investment
  18. COMMON STOCKS – RATE OF RETURN AND EPS PRICING MODEL:Earnings per Share (EPS) Pricing Model
  19. INTRODUCTION TO RISK, RISK AND RETURN FOR A SINGLE STOCK INVESTMENT:Diversifiable Risk, Diversification
  20. RISK FOR A SINGLE STOCK INVESTMENT, PROBABILITY GRAPHS AND COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION
  21. 2- STOCK PORTFOLIO THEORY, RISK AND EXPECTED RETURN:Diversification, Definition of Terms
  22. PORTFOLIO RISK ANALYSIS AND EFFICIENT PORTFOLIO MAPS
  23. EFFICIENT PORTFOLIOS, MARKET RISK AND CAPITAL MARKET LINE (CML):Market Risk & Portfolio Theory
  24. STOCK BETA, PORTFOLIO BETA AND INTRODUCTION TO SECURITY MARKET LINE:MARKET, Calculating Portfolio Beta
  25. STOCK BETAS &RISK, SML& RETURN AND STOCK PRICES IN EFFICIENT MARKS:Interpretation of Result
  26. SML GRAPH AND CAPITAL ASSET PRICING MODEL:NPV Calculations & Capital Budgeting
  27. RISK AND PORTFOLIO THEORY, CAPM, CRITICISM OF CAPM AND APPLICATION OF RISK THEORY:Think Out of the Box
  28. INTRODUCTION TO DEBT, EFFICIENT MARKETS AND COST OF CAPITAL:Real Assets Markets, Debt vs. Equity
  29. WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPITAL (WACC):Summary of Formulas
  30. BUSINESS RISK FACED BY FIRM, OPERATING LEVERAGE, BREAK EVEN POINT& RETURN ON EQUITY
  31. OPERATING LEVERAGE, FINANCIAL LEVERAGE, ROE, BREAK EVEN POINT AND BUSINESS RISK
  32. FINANCIAL LEVERAGE AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE:Capital Structure Theory
  33. MODIFICATIONS IN MILLAR MODIGLIANI CAPITAL STRUCTURE THEORY:Modified MM - With Bankruptcy Cost
  34. APPLICATION OF MILLER MODIGLIANI AND OTHER CAPITAL STRUCTURE THEORIES:Problem of the theory
  35. NET INCOME AND TAX SHIELD APPROACHES TO WACC:Traditionalists -Real Markets Example
  36. MANAGEMENT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE:Practical Capital Structure Management
  37. DIVIDEND PAYOUT:Other Factors Affecting Dividend Policy, Residual Dividend Model
  38. APPLICATION OF RESIDUAL DIVIDEND MODEL:Dividend Payout Procedure, Dividend Schemes for Optimizing Share Price
  39. WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT:Impact of working capital on Firm Value, Monthly Cash Budget
  40. CASH MANAGEMENT AND WORKING CAPITAL FINANCING:Inventory Management, Accounts Receivables Management:
  41. SHORT TERM FINANCING, LONG TERM FINANCING AND LEASE FINANCING:
  42. LEASE FINANCING AND TYPES OF LEASE FINANCING:Sale & Lease-Back, Lease Analyses & Calculations
  43. MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS:Leveraged Buy-Outs (LBO’s), Mergers - Good or Bad?
  44. INTERNATIONAL FINANCE (MULTINATIONAL FINANCE):Major Issues Faced by Multinationals
  45. FINAL REVIEW OF ENTIRE COURSE ON FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT:Financial Statements and Ratios