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16-BIT ALU, MSI 4-bit Comparator, Decoders

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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
Lesson No. 16
16-BIT ALU
Consider the four ALUs connected to form a 16-bit ALU without the Look-Ahead Carry
circuit. Figure 16.1. The ALU1 will only generate an output and a Carry Out 8 when it has
received an input at Carry In 4. Similarly, ALU2 will only generate an output and a Carry Out
12 when it has received Carry In 8. Finally, the Carry Out 16 is generated only when ALU3 has
received Carry In 12. Thus the Carry instead of rippling through the 4-bits of the individual ALU
circuit has to propagate through four ALU units. The last ALU unit has to wait until it receives
the Carry propagating through each of the three units.
Cin8
Cin4
Cin0
Cin12
ALU3
ALU2
ALU1
ALU0
Cout16
Cout12
Cout8
Cout4
Figure 16.1
Carry Propagation Delay between 4-bit ALU units
The delay caused by the Carry Propagating through the four units is eliminated by the
Group Carry terms used by the 381 ALUs. Figure 16.2. Instead of the Carry Out each ALU
generates Group-Carry Generate and Propagate terms, which indicate if the most significant
Carry is generated by the 4-bit ALU or otherwise. The Group Carry terms are connected to the
Look-Ahead Carry Generator which generates the Cary bits C1, C2 and C3 which are
connected to Cin4, Cin8 and Cin12 respectively. Thus Carry no longer propagates through the
ALU units.
Cin8
Cin4
Cin0
Cin12
ALU3
ALU2
ALU1
ALU0
G3
P3
G2
P2
G1
P1
G0
P0
G3 P3 G2 P2 G1 P1 G0 P0
Look-Ahead
Carry Generator
C3
C2
C1
G
P
Figure 16.2
Carry Propagation Delay eliminated by using Group Carry
The G output is activated if the 4-bit unit generates a Carry Out irrespective of Carry In.
The P output is activated if the 4-bit unit generates a Carry Out if the Carry In is active. The
Look-Ahead circuit implemented earlier is based on Logic Gates, where the Look-Ahead Carry
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
Generator circuit has P0, P1, P2 and P3 Carry Propagate and G0, G1, G2 and G3 Carry
Propagate Inputs and C1, C2, C3 and C4 Carry Out outputs. The 74XX182 is the MSI version of
the Look-Ahead Carry Generator, which provides identical inputs and outputs except for the C4
output which is available in the form of P and G output pins to allow a second level Cascading.
The connection of four 74XX381 4-bit ALUs and a 74XX182 to implement a 16-bit ALU is
shown. Figure 16.3
The inputs A, B and the output F of the four, 4-bit ALUs 0, 1, 2 and 3 are connected to
appropriate bits of the 16-bit inputs A, B and output F respectively. Thus bits A(0-3), B(0-3)
and F(0-3) are connected to inputs and output of ALU0, bits A(4-7), B(4-7) and F(4-7) are
connected to inputs and output of ALU1, bits A(8-11), B(8-11) and F(8-11) are connected to
inputs and output of ALU2 and bits A(12-15), B(12-15) and F(12-15) are connected to inputs
and output of ALU3. The Group-Carry Generate and Propagate outputs of the four ALUs are
connected to the inputs of Look-Ahead Carry generator 74X182 respectively. The Carry
outputs C1, C2 and C3 from the Look-Ahead Carry generator circuit are generated after a gate
delay of 2 and are connected to the Carry in pins of ALUS 1, 2 and 3 respectively.
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
G
G0
6
P
P0
74X182
G1
P1
C4
G2
C1
C8
P2
C2
C12
G3
C3
P3
C0
C0
S(0-2)
A(0-15)
B(0-15)
S0
S0
S0
G
S0
G
S1
P2
S1
P0
S1
P
S1
P
74X381
74X381
S2
S2
S2
S2
Cin
Cin
F0
F8
A0
A8
F0
F0
A0
A0
F1
F9
B0
B8
F1
F1
B0
B0
F2
F10
A1
A9
F2
F2
A1
A1
F3
F11
B1
B9
F3
F3
B1
B1
A2
A10
A2
A2
B2
B10
B2
B2
ALU0
ALU2
A3
A11
A3
A3
B3
B11
B3
B3
S0
S0
S0
S0
G
G
S1
P1
S1
P3
S1
P
S1
P
74X381
74X381
S2
S2
S2
S2
Cin
Cin
A12
F12
F4
A4
A0
F0
F0
A0
B12
F13
B4
F5
B0
F1
F1
B0
A13
F14
A5
F6
A1
F2
A1
F2
B13
F15
B5
F7
B1
F3
B1
F3
A6
A14
A2
A2
B6
B14
B2
B2
ALU1
ALU3
A7
A15
A3
A3
B7
B15
B3
B3
F(0-15)
Figure 16.3
16-bit ALU
Comparators
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
The basic function of a Comparator is to compare two binary quantities and to
determine if the two quantities are equal. If the quantities are not equal then it has to
determine which of the two quantities is greater than the other. Many Integrated Circuit
Comparators have three outputs to indicate A=B, A>B and A<B.
Earlier, simplified Boolean expressions for a 2-bit Comparator circuit were determined
that compares two 2-bit numbers and sets one of its three outputs to indicate A=B, A>B or
A<B. The Booleans expressions representing the three outputs are presented. The three
Combinational Circuits implementing the three outputs are also shown. Figure 16.4
(A > B) = A  1B1 + A  0 B1B  0 + A  1A  0 B  0
Figure 16.4a Implementation of A>B
(A = B) = A  1 A  0 B1B  0 + A  1A  0 B1B  0 + A  1A  0B1B  0 + A  1 A  0B1B  0
Figure 16.4b Implementation of A=B
(A < B) = A  1B1 + A  1 A  0B  0 + A  0B1B  0
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
Figure 16.4c Implementation of A<B
The 2-bit Comparator discussed earlier is considered to be a Parallel Comparator as all
the bits are compared simultaneously. External Logic has to be used to Cascade together two
such Comparators to form a 4-bit Comparator.
The 4-bit numbers compared by the Cascaded implementation are represented in table
16.1.
A
B
Comparator M
Comparator L
1101
0111
A>B
0110
1011
A<B
0011
0010
A=B
A>B
0100
0101
A=B
A<B
1001
1001
A=B
A=B
Table 16.1
Comparison of numbers by Cascaded 4-bit Comparator
Figure 36.5
Implementation of 4-bit Comparator by Cascading two 2-bit Comparators
The two most significant bits of 4-bit numbers A and B are compared by the Most
Significant 2-bit Comparator M and the least significant two bits are compared by the Least
Significant 2-bit Comparator L. Figure 16.5 If the two most significant bits of number A are
greater than the two most significant bits of number B, (A=1101 and B =0111) the Most
Significant Comparator indicates A>B and there is no need to compare the remaining two least
significant bits. Similarly, if the two most significant bits of numbers A and B (A=0110 and
B=1011) are compared by the Most Significant Comparator and the comparator sets its A<B
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
then there is no need to compare the remaining two least significant bits. However, if the two
most significant bits of numbers A and B indicates A=B then least significant two bits have to
be compared to determine if A>B (A=0011 B=0010), A<B (A=0100 B=0101) or A=B (A=1001
B=1001). Thus the A=B output of the Most Significant 2-bit Comparator is used to enable three
AND gates. The output of only one AND gate is set to 1 depending upon the output of the
Least Significant 2-bit Comparator.
An alternate method of implementing Comparators which allows the Comparators to be
easily cascaded without the need for extra logic gates by Iterative Circuit based Comparators.
Iterative Circuit based Comparator
An Iterative circuit is implemented using identical modules each of which has Primary
Inputs and Outputs and Cascading Inputs and Outputs. The Cascading inputs of the least
significant module are connected to fixed logic inputs and the Cascading outputs are
connected to the Cascading inputs of the next significant module. A 2-bit Iterative Circuit
based Comparator is shown. Figure 16.6.
Figure 16.6a Iterative Circuit Implementation of A=B function
The Cascading input of Module 0 is connected to logic 1. If input A0 is equal to input B0,
the XNOR gate output in Module 0 is a 1 which is passed on to Module 1 through its
Cascading input. The output A=B is 1 when input A1 is equal to B1. If either A0 B0 or A1 B1
the output A=B is 0. The Equality Comparing circuit can be expanded to 4-bits by Cascading
two Modules connecting their respective Cascading inputs and outputs.
In the Iterative Circuit for A>B, the Cascading input of Module 0 is connected to Logic
0. The output of Module 0 is 1 when A0>B0. The Cascading output of Module 0 is connected to
the Cascading input of Module 1. The output A>B of Module 1 is 1 if A1=B1 and Cascading
input is 1, or if A1>B1.
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
Figure 16.6b Iterative Circuit Implementation of A>B function
Similar Iterative Circuit for A<B, allows multiple modules to be Cascaded together to
form multi-bit A<B unit.
MSI 4-bit Comparator
MSI 74HC85 4-bit Iterative Circuit based Comparator allows multiple 74HC85s to be
cascaded together to form Comparators N x 4-bit Comparators. Three 74HC85s cascaded
together forms a 12-bit Comparator circuit. Figure 16.7.
Three Comparators are cascaded together. Comparator 1 compares the least
significant bits 0 to 3, Comparator 2 compares bits 4 to 7 and Comparator 3 compares the
most significant bits 8 to 11. The respective input bits are shown connected to the three
comparators through thick lines. The Cascading inputs of Comparator 1 are permanently
connected to Ground and +5 volts. A<B in and A>B in are connected to ground and A=B in is
connected to +5 Volts. The cascading outputs of Comparator 1 are connected to the
respective cascading inputs of comparator 2. Similarly, the cascading outputs of Comparator 1
are connected to the cascading inputs of Comparator 3. The final output of the 12-bit
Comparator circuit is available at the cascading outputs of Comparator 3.
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
Figure 16.7
12-bit Comparator
Decoders
A Decoder has multiple inputs and multiple outputs. The Decoder device accepts as an
input a multi-bit code and activates one or more of its outputs to indicate the presence of the
multi-bit code. There are different variations of Decoder devices.
Basic Decoder
Consider an electronic door lock which unlocks the door when a 4-bit code 1011 is
entered. The door is locked when another 4-bit combination 1001 is entered. The lock and
unlock circuit is implemented using a combination of NOT and AND gates. Figure 16.8
Figure 16.8
Electronic Door Lock
The circuit is configured to activate the Lock output when the Door Lock code 1011 is
applied at inputs ABCD. The Un-Lock output is activated when the Door Un-Lock code 1001 is
applied at the inputs ABCD. The circuit is a Decoder circuit. It detects the Code 1011 and
activates the Lock output. Similarly, it detects the 1001 code and activates the Un-Lock output.
Two different outputs are activated to indicate the presence of two unique 4-bit binary codes.
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
The decoder circuit can be expanded to have more Lock and Un-Lock outputs to Lock and Un-
Lock different doors in a building.
Applications of decoders
Decoders have two major uses in Computer Systems.
1. Selection of Peripheral Devices
Computers have different internal and external devices like the Hard Disk, CD Drive,
Modem, Printer etc. Each of these different devices is selected by specifying different codes. A
decoder similar to the Electronic Door Lock/Unlock circuit is used to uniquely select or
deselect the appropriate devices.
2. Instruction Decoder
Computer programs are based on instructions which are decode by the Computer
Hardware and implemented. The codes 1100010, 1100011, 1110000 and 1000101 represent
Add two numbers, Subtract two numbers, Clear the result and Store the result instructions.
These instruction codes are decoded by an Instruction Decoder to generate signals that
control different logic circuits like the ALU and memory to perform these operations.
Binary Decoder
The simplest and most commonly used Decoders are the n-to-2n Decoders. These
Decoders have n inputs and 2n outputs Each, n-bit input selects 1 out of 2n output code.
A 2-to-4 Decoder is represented by the function table. Table16.2. The 2-to-4 Binary
Decoder circuit is shown. Figure 16.9
Input
Output
I1
I0
O0
O1
O2
O3
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
Table 16.2
Function Table of a 2-to-4 Binary Decoder
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CS302 - Digital Logic & Design
Figure 16.9
2-to-4 Decoder
The 2 to 4 Decoder output O0 is activated to Logic 1 when the input is 00. Similarly for
inputs 01, 10 and 11 the outputs O1, O2 and O3 are respectively activated.
MSI Decoder
The 74LS139 MSI chip has dual 2-to-4 Decoders. The function table, table 16.3, and
the gate­level circuit diagram for the 2-to-4 Decoder is shown. Figure16.10.The circuit
diagram is slightly different form the one described in figure 16.9.
Input
Output
B
A
Y2
Y1
G
Y3
Y0
1
X
X
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
Table 16.3
Function Table of 74LS139, 2-to-4 Decoder
The 74LS139 has active-low outputs, thus the output which is activated is at logic 0
where as the outputs that ate are not selected are at logic 1. A third active-low input G is the
enable input, which when set to 0 enables all NAND gates. Setting the G input to 1 disables all
NAND gates and all four outputs are at logic 1 the in-active state.
Extra NOT gates are placed at the inputs A and B. Without the two extra NOT gates at
Inputs A and B, each of the two inputs present a unit load of three (a NOT gate and two NAND
gates). By having the extra NOT gates each input presents a single unit load.
Figure 16.10 74LS139, 2-to-4 Decoder
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Table of Contents:
  1. AN OVERVIEW & NUMBER SYSTEMS
  2. Binary to Decimal to Binary conversion, Binary Arithmetic, 1’s & 2’s complement
  3. Range of Numbers and Overflow, Floating-Point, Hexadecimal Numbers
  4. Octal Numbers, Octal to Binary Decimal to Octal Conversion
  5. LOGIC GATES: AND Gate, OR Gate, NOT Gate, NAND Gate
  6. AND OR NAND XOR XNOR Gate Implementation and Applications
  7. DC Supply Voltage, TTL Logic Levels, Noise Margin, Power Dissipation
  8. Boolean Addition, Multiplication, Commutative Law, Associative Law, Distributive Law, Demorgan’s Theorems
  9. Simplification of Boolean Expression, Standard POS form, Minterms and Maxterms
  10. KARNAUGH MAP, Mapping a non-standard SOP Expression
  11. Converting between POS and SOP using the K-map
  12. COMPARATOR: Quine-McCluskey Simplification Method
  13. ODD-PRIME NUMBER DETECTOR, Combinational Circuit Implementation
  14. IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ODD-PARITY GENERATOR CIRCUIT
  15. BCD ADDER: 2-digit BCD Adder, A 4-bit Adder Subtracter Unit
  16. 16-BIT ALU, MSI 4-bit Comparator, Decoders
  17. BCD to 7-Segment Decoder, Decimal-to-BCD Encoder
  18. 2-INPUT 4-BIT MULTIPLEXER, 8, 16-Input Multiplexer, Logic Function Generator
  19. Applications of Demultiplexer, PROM, PLA, PAL, GAL
  20. OLMC Combinational Mode, Tri-State Buffers, The GAL16V8, Introduction to ABEL
  21. OLMC for GAL16V8, Tri-state Buffer and OLMC output pin
  22. Implementation of Quad MUX, Latches and Flip-Flops
  23. APPLICATION OF S-R LATCH, Edge-Triggered D Flip-Flop, J-K Flip-flop
  24. Data Storage using D-flip-flop, Synchronizing Asynchronous inputs using D flip-flop
  25. Dual Positive-Edge triggered D flip-flop, J-K flip-flop, Master-Slave Flip-Flops
  26. THE 555 TIMER: Race Conditions, Asynchronous, Ripple Counters
  27. Down Counter with truncated sequence, 4-bit Synchronous Decade Counter
  28. Mod-n Synchronous Counter, Cascading Counters, Up-Down Counter
  29. Integrated Circuit Up Down Decade Counter Design and Applications
  30. DIGITAL CLOCK: Clocked Synchronous State Machines
  31. NEXT-STATE TABLE: Flip-flop Transition Table, Karnaugh Maps
  32. D FLIP-FLOP BASED IMPLEMENTATION
  33. Moore Machine State Diagram, Mealy Machine State Diagram, Karnaugh Maps
  34. SHIFT REGISTERS: Serial In/Shift Left,Right/Serial Out Operation
  35. APPLICATIONS OF SHIFT REGISTERS: Serial-to-Parallel Converter
  36. Elevator Control System: Elevator State Diagram, State Table, Input and Output Signals, Input Latches
  37. Traffic Signal Control System: Switching of Traffic Lights, Inputs and Outputs, State Machine
  38. Traffic Signal Control System: EQUATION DEFINITION
  39. Memory Organization, Capacity, Density, Signals and Basic Operations, Read, Write, Address, data Signals
  40. Memory Read, Write Cycle, Synchronous Burst SRAM, Dynamic RAM
  41. Burst, Distributed Refresh, Types of DRAMs, ROM Read-Only Memory, Mask ROM
  42. First In-First Out (FIFO) Memory
  43. LAST IN-FIRST OUT (LIFO) MEMORY
  44. THE LOGIC BLOCK: Analogue to Digital Conversion, Logic Element, Look-Up Table
  45. SUCCESSIVE –APPROXIMATION ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL CONVERTER