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TELEVISION – A NEW DIMENSION IN MASS COMMUNICATION:Early Discoveries

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Introduction to Mass Communication ­ MCM 101
VU
LESSON 32
TELEVISION ­ A NEW DIMENSION IN MASS COMMUNICATION
Television is the process of capturing photographic images, converting them into electrical
impulses, and then transmitting the signal to a decoding receiver. Conventional transmission is by means of
electromagnetic radiation, using the methods of radio.
Among the technical developments that have come to dominate our lives, television is surely one of the top
few. In the developed world, the average household watches television for seven hours per day, which
helps to explain why news, sports, and educational entities, as well as advertisers, value the device for
communication.
The device we call the television is really an image and sound receiver that is the end point of a broadcast
system that starts with a television camera or transmitter and requires a complicated network of transmitters
using ground-based towers, cables, and satellites to deliver the original picture to our living rooms.
TV came like a bang as the time distance between the invention of radio and television is not much. People
across the world were still amazed by the presence of radio in their lives that within years they were having a
device which also showed images with sound ­ a great fun indeed.
How it started?
The electronic way of communication was quite well know by the start of the 20th century but in
almost all cases it was limit to sending or receiving voice messages. Since most researchers and scientists
were focusing on the voice transmission, the radio broadcast resulted almost simultaneously in many parts
of the world with the exception of a difference of few years. The name of Marconi, however, stands
distinguished in the eyes of many as the inventor of radio.
The inventor of television, the device responsible for receiving voice as well as images, is John Logie Baird
of Scotland. But obviously the new invention has been the result of the extensive work done by scores of
other scientists as well. The development of the television occurred over a number of years, in many
countries, and using a wide application of sciences, including electricity, mechanical engineering,
electromagnetism, sound technology, and electrochemistry. No single person invented the television;
instead, it is a compilation of inventions perfected by fierce competition.
Early Discoveries
Chemicals that are conductors of electricity were among the first discoveries leading to the TV.
Baron Ȯns Berzelius of Sweden isolated selenium in 1817, and Louis May of Great Britain discovered, in
1873, that the element is a strong electrical conductor. Sir William Crookes invented the cathode ray tube in
1878, but these discoveries took many years to merge into the common ground of television.
Paul Nipkow of Germany made the first crude television in 1884. His mechanical system used a scanning
disk with small holes to pick up image fragments and imprint them on a light-sensitive selenium tube. A
receiver reassembled the picture. In 1888, W. Hallwachs applied photoelectric cells in cameras; cathode rays
were demonstrated as devices for reassembling the image at the receiver by Boris Rosing of Russia and A.
A. Campbell-Swinton of Great Britain, both working independently in 1907. Countless radio pioneers
including Thomas Edison invented methods of broadcasting television signals.
Although Logie Baird had been developing his own methods of televised images for many years it was in
1924 that he first demonstrated a mechanically scanned television system which transmitted objects in
outline and went on the following year to show the head of a dummy, not just in outline but as a real image.
First Pictures were shown on Sept 7, 1927.
TV changes some basic concepts
TV is largely responsible for bringing about so many social, cultural and economic changes- and
that too with rapid speed, and is considered as one major factor to help globalize human thinking and
understanding on various matters by fully exploiting all the elements possible in visual communication, or
say broadcasting. More on this aspect will be discussed in a coming lecture.
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Introduction to Mass Communication ­ MCM 101
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By 1935, mechanical systems for transmitting black-and-white images were replaced completely by
electronic methods that could generate hundreds of horizontal bands at 30 frames per second. Vladimir K.
Zworykin, a Russian immigrant who first worked for Westinghouse, patented an electronic camera tube
based on the cathode tube. Philo T. Farnsworth and Allen B. Dumont, both Americans, developed a pickup
tube that became the home television receiver by 1939.
From Black and White to color
The Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) had entered the color TV fray and battled with RCA to
perfect color television, initially with mechanical methods until an all-electronic color system could be
developed. Rival broadcasts appeared throughout the 1940s although progress was slowed by both World
War II and the Korean War. The first CBS color broadcast on June 25, 1951, featured Ed Sullivan and
other stars of the network.
Commercial color television broadcasts were underway in the United States by 1954.
In December of 1954, RCA introduced their 21" color TV. Although the number recorded in history
books is 5,000 units sold, the common belief (amongst collectors) is that the actual number sold to the
public was considerably less.
1950-1959 was an exciting time period for television. In the USA, B&W television exploded onto the scene
at the beginning of the decade, mid-decade saw electronic color television and remote controls launched,
and at the end of the decade the public witnessed some interesting styling changes and the introduction of
transistorized television.
II World War
The sudden outbreak of WW2 halted to some extent progress on TV transmissions and
improvement in technological advancement in making TV a household item for most. The B/W limited
scale TV transmission continued to excite people. The images of war ridden and ravaged sites on mini
screens of old-fashioned TV sets would pull crowd to watch those and get influenced by the devastation of
the mad war. Seeing is believing, worked to make people understand as who was winning the war and who
was controlling the known cities at different stages of the years long fighting. It was a sight not to be
forgotten for those who first witnessed defeat of German armies at different fronts and marching of the
allied forces on the German land towards the last days of the war.
TV Programs
TV program pattern remained like the ones seen on radio broadcast. Classification of its
transmission has been made in the following manner.
News
Music
Films
Comedy shows
Live shows
Sports
There are currently 3 main television transmission standards used throughout the world:
NTSC - National Television Standards Committee. The oldest existing standard, developed in the USA.
First used in 1954. Consists of 525 horizontal lines of display and 60 vertical lines.
SECAM - Systθme Ιlectronique pour Couleur avec Mιmoire. Developed in France. First used in 1967. A
625-line vertical, 50-line horizontal display.
PAL - Phase Alternating Line. Developed by German engineer Walter Bruch who patented his invention
1963 and the first commercial application of the PAL system was in August 1967. Also a 625/50-line
display and alternative of NTSC. Proponents call it "Perfection At Last."
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Introduction to Mass Communication ­ MCM 101
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Broadcast, Cable, and Satellite Television Transmission
Television programs may be transmitted either "live" or from a recording. The principle means
of
recording television programs for future use is videotape recording. Videotape recording is similar
to
conventional tape recording .The sound is recorded along with the video signal on the same tape.
When a television program is broadcast, the varying electrical signals are then amplified and used
to
modulate a carrier wave the modulated carrier is usually fed to an antenna, where it is converted
to
electromagnetic waves and broadcast over a large region. The waves are sensed by antennas connected
to
television receivers.
The range of waves suitable for radio and television transmission is divided into channels, which are
assigned to broadcast companies or services.
Most television viewers across the world no longer receive signals by using antennas; instead, they receive
programming via cable television. Cable delivery of television started as a way to improve reception. A
single, well-placed community antenna received the broadcast signals and distributed them over coaxial or
fiber-optic cables to areas that otherwise would not be able to receive them. Today, cable television is
popular because of the wide variety of programming it can deliver. Many systems now provide more than
100 channels of programming. Typically, a cable television company receives signals relayed from a
communications satellite and sends those signals to its subscribers.
The first transatlantic television broadcast was accomplished by such a satellite, called Telstar, on July 10,
1962. Some television viewers use small satellite dishes to receive signals directly from satellites. Most
satellite-delivered signals are scrambled and require a special decoder to receive them clearly.
The Future
The future of television seems bright. More research is going into this process. High Definition
Television (HDTV) was developed by the Japanese Broadcast Corporation and first demonstrated in 1982.
This system produces a movie-quality picture by using a 1,125-line picture on a "letter-box" format screen
with a 16 to nine width to height ratio. High-quality, flat screens suitable for HDTV, are being perfected
using synthetic diamond film to emit electrons in the first application of synthetic diamonds in electronic
components.
Other developments in the receiver include gold-plated jacks, an internal polarity switch on large screens
that compensates for the effect of Earth's magnetic field on image reception, accessories to eliminate ghosts
on the screen. Liquid crystal display (LCD) technology is also advancing rapidly as an alternative to the
cumbersome television screen. Assorted computer chips add functions like channel labeling, time and data
displays, swap and freeze motions, parental channel control, touch screens, and a range of channel-surfing
options.
Digital television of the future will allow the viewer to manipulate the angle of the camera, communicate
with the sports commentator, and merge and edit movies on screen. Two-way TV will also be possible.
Current screens may be used thanks to converter boxes that change the analog signal that presently
energizes the phosphors on the back of your television screen to digital signals that are subject to less
distortion--and are the language of computers. Computer technology will then allow a world of
manipulation of the data as well as broadcast of six times as much data.
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Table of Contents:
  1. MASS COMMUNICATION – AN OVERVIEW:Relationships, Power
  2. EARLY MASS COMMUNICATION AND PRINTING TECHNOLOGY
  3. SEVEN CENTURIES OF MASS COMMUNICATION – FROM PRINTING TO COMPUTER
  4. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION AND EARLY COMMUNICATION MODELS
  5. COMMUNICATION MODELS – GRAPHIC PRESENTATION OF COMPLEX ISSUES
  6. TYPES AND FORMS OF COMMUNICATION:Inter personal, Combination
  7. MESSAGE – ROOT OF COMMUNICATION I:VERBAL MESSAGE, Static Evaluation
  8. MESSAGE – ROOT OF COMMUNICATION II:Conflicts, Brevity of Message
  9. EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION:Helping Out Others, Relaxation
  10. COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE:Enculturation, Acculturation
  11. LANGUAGE IN COMMUNICATION:Polarization, Labeling, Static meanings
  12. STEREOTYPING – A TYPICAL HURDLE IN MASS COMMUNICATION:Stereotype Groups
  13. MASS MEDIA – HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE:Early analysis on manuscripts
  14. EMERGENCE OF PRINT MEDIA AROUND THE WORLD:Colonial journalism
  15. TELEGRAPH DOES MIRACLE IN DISTANCE COMMUNICATION TELEX AND TELEPHONE ENTHRALL PRINT COMMUNICATION
  16. TYPES OF PRINT MEDIA:Newspapers, Magazines, Books
  17. PRESS FREEDOM, LAWS AND ETHICS – NEW DEBATE RAGING STILL HARD
  18. INDUSTRIALIZATION OF PRINT PROCESSES:Lithography, Offset printing
  19. EFFECTS OF PRINT MEDIA ON SOCIETY:Economic ideas, Politics
  20. ADVERTISING – HAND IN HAND WITH MEDIA:Historical background
  21. RENAISSANCE AND SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION: ROLE OF PRINT MEDIA:Science
  22. RECAP:Elements of communication, Books, Printing, Verbal Message
  23. MEDIA MANAGEMENT:Division, Business section, Press
  24. IMAGES IN MASS COMMUNICATION – INVENTION OF PHOTOGRAPHY:Portrait photography
  25. MOTION PICTURES – A NEW WAY IN MASS COMMUNICATION-I:Definition
  26. MOTION PICTURES – A NEW WAY IN MASS COMMUNICATION (Cont...):Post-Studio Era
  27. FILM MEDIA IN SUBCONTINENT AND PAKISTAN-I:Accusations of plagiarism
  28. FILM MEDIA IN SUBCONTINENT AND PAKISTAN (II) & ITS EFFECTS:First Color film
  29. PROPAGANDA:Types in another manner, Propaganda in revolutions
  30. RADIO – A BREAKTHROUGH IN MASS COMMUNICATION:What to broadcast
  31. EFFECTS OF RADIO ON SOCIETY:Entertainment, Information, Jobs
  32. TELEVISION – A NEW DIMENSION IN MASS COMMUNICATION:Early Discoveries
  33. TV IN PAKISTAN:Enthusiasm, Live Broadcast, PTV goes colored
  34. EFFECTS OF TELEVISION ON SOCIETY:Seeing is believing, Fashion
  35. PUBLIC RELATIONS AND MASS COMMUNICATION - I:History, Case Study
  36. PUBLIC RELATIONS AND MASS COMMUNICATION - II:Audience targeting
  37. ADVERTISING BEYOND PRINT MEDIA:Covert advertising
  38. IMPACT OF ADVERTISING:Trial, Continuity, Brand Switching, Market Share
  39. MEDIA THEORIES:Libertarian Theory, Social Responsibility Theory
  40. NEW MEDIA IN MASS COMMUNICATION:Technology forcing changes
  41. GLOBALIZATION OF MEDIA:Media and consumerism, Media centralization
  42. MEDIA MERGENCE:Radio, TV mergence, Economic reasons
  43. MASS MEDIA IN PRESENT AGE:Magazine, Radio, TV
  44. CRITICISM ON MEDIA:Sensationalize, Biasness, Private life, obscenity
  45. RECAP:Legends of South Asian Film Industry, Radio, Television, PTV goes colored