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PATTERN RECOGNITION:Implications, Phonemes, Voicing, Place of articulation

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Cognitive Psychology ­ PSY 504
VU
Lesson 15
PATTERN RECOGNITION
Feature Analysis (continued)
Example
There is fair amount of behavioral evidence for the existence of features as components in
pattern recognition. For instance, if letters have many features in common__ as with C and G___
evidence suggests that subjects are particularly prone to confuse them. When such letters are
presented for a very brief interval, subjects often misclassify one stimulus as the other.
Kinney, Marsetta, & Showman, (1966) conducted an experiment. In that experiment they
presented letters for very brief intervals.
The subjects made
29 errors when letter G was presented
21 involved misclassification as C
6 misclassification as O
1 misclassification as B
1 misclassification as 9
No other errors occurred
Implications
It is clear that subjects were choosing items with similar features.
C G O B 9 all share a curve
Such a response pattern would be predicted by a feature analysis model.
If subjects can only extract some of the features during a short time, they would
have difficulty deciding between letters that share these features.
Speech Recognition or Auditory Recognition
Recognition of speech poses new problems. It is more complex.
Segmentation is a major problem because speech is not clearly demarcated the way written text
is. Native speakers always mix words together in their speechs. They do it unconsciously.
It seems there are clear gaps between words but that is an illusion. For example in urdu;
Kya haal hay and kya ho raha hay
The person who does not know Urdu he understands these words as  kyaalay and kyaoray.
The speech appears to be continuous stream of sounds with no obvious word boundaries. It is
our familiarity with our own language that leads to the illusion of word boundaries.
Phonemes
Phonemes are the basic vocabulary of speech sounds; it is in terms of them that we recognize.
Like,
School
[s] [k] [u] [l]
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Cognitive Psychology ­ PSY 504
VU
S, K, U, L are phonemes. These help us in understanding.
Feature analysis and feature
combination processes seem to underline speech perception much as they do visual recognition.
As with individual letters, individual phonemes can be analyzed as consisting of a number of
features. These are given below.
1. Voicing
It is feature or sound of phonemes produced by the vibration of the vocal cords. Like,
Sip and zip
[s] is voiceless
[z] is voiced
Place your fingers as you produce each sound
2. Place of articulation
It refers to the place at which the vocal track is closed or constricted in the production of a
phoneme. It is closed at some point in the utterance of most consonants.
Consonant pronounced using both lips;
A consonant pronounced by bringing both lips into contact with each other or by rounding them.
In English the bilabials are b, p, m. and w.
f and v are labiodentals because the bottom lip is pressed against the front teeth.
t, d, s, z, n, l are alveolar because the tongue presses against the alveolar ridge of the gums just
behind the upper front teeth.
Experiment
Miller & Nicely (1955) presented consonants in noise
Voiced Voiceless
Bilabial
[b]
[p]
Alveolar
[d]
[t]
b is voiced and p is voiceless. d and t are identical in case of articulation. They presented
letters with noise.
Results
Subjects exhibited confusion and reported hearing one sound when actually another sound had
been presented
Experimenters were interested in which sound was confused with which
Feature analysis model would predict more confusion with sounds that differed by only a single
feature.
When presented with [p], subjects more often thought that they heard [t] than that they heard [d].
The phoneme [t] differs from [p] only in terms of place of articulation, whereas the [d] differs in
both place of articulation and voicing. Similarly subjects presented with [b] more often thought
they heard [p] than [t].
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Table of Contents:
  1. INTRODUCTION:Historical Background
  2. THE INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH
  3. COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY:Brains of Dead People, The Neuron
  4. COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY (CONTINUED):The Eye, The visual pathway
  5. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (CONTINUED):Hubel & Wiesel, Sensory Memory
  6. VISUAL SENSORY MEMORY EXPERIMENTS (CONTINUED):Psychological Time
  7. ATTENTION:Single-mindedness, In Shadowing Paradigm, Attention and meaning
  8. ATTENTION (continued):Implications, Treisman’s Model, Norman’s Model
  9. ATTENTION (continued):Capacity Models, Arousal, Multimode Theory
  10. ATTENTION:Subsidiary Task, Capacity Theory, Reaction Time & Accuracy, Implications
  11. RECAP OF LAST LESSONS:AUTOMATICITY, Automatic Processing
  12. AUTOMATICITY (continued):Experiment, Implications, Task interference
  13. AUTOMATICITY (continued):Predicting flight performance, Thought suppression
  14. PATTERN RECOGNITION:Template Matching Models, Human flexibility
  15. PATTERN RECOGNITION:Implications, Phonemes, Voicing, Place of articulation
  16. PATTERN RECOGNITION (continued):Adaptation paradigm
  17. PATTERN RECOGNITION (continued):Gestalt Theory of Perception
  18. PATTERN RECOGNITION (continued):Queen Elizabeth’s vase, Palmer (1977)
  19. OBJECT PERCEPTION (continued):Segmentation, Recognition of object
  20. ATTENTION & PATTERN RECOGNITION:Word Superiority Effect
  21. PATTERN RECOGNITION (CONTINUED):Neural Networks, Patterns of connections
  22. PATTERN RECOGNITION (CONTINUED):Effects of Sentence Context
  23. MEMORY:Short Term Working Memory, Atkinson & Shiffrin Model
  24. MEMORY:Rate of forgetting, Size of memory set
  25. Memory:Activation in a network, Magic number 7, Chunking
  26. Memory:Chunking, Individual differences in chunking
  27. MEMORY:THE NATURE OF FORGETTING, Release from PI, Central Executive
  28. Memory:Atkinson & Shiffrin Model, Long Term Memory, Different kinds of LTM
  29. Memory:Spread of Activation, Associative Priming, Implications, More Priming
  30. Memory:Interference, The Critical Assumption, Limited capacity
  31. Memory:Interference, Historical Memories, Recall versus Recognition
  32. Memory:Are forgotten memories lost forever?
  33. Memory:Recognition of lost memories, Representation of knowledge
  34. Memory:Benefits of Categorization, Levels of Categories
  35. Memory:Prototype, Rosch and Colleagues, Experiments of Stephen Read
  36. Memory:Schema Theory, A European Solution, Generalization hierarchies
  37. Memory:Superset Schemas, Part hierarchy, Slots Have More Schemas
  38. MEMORY:Representation of knowledge (continued), Memory for stories
  39. Memory:Representation of knowledge, PQ4R Method, Elaboration
  40. Memory:Study Methods, Analyze Story Structure, Use Multiple Modalities
  41. Memory:Mental Imagery, More evidence, Kosslyn yet again, Image Comparison
  42. Mental Imagery:Eidetic Imagery, Eidetic Psychotherapy, Hot and cold imagery
  43. Language and thought:Productivity & Regularity, Linguistic Intuition
  44. Cognitive development:Assimilation, Accommodation, Stage Theory
  45. Cognitive Development:Gender Identity, Learning Mathematics, Sensory Memory