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PATTERN RECOGNITION (continued):Queen Elizabeth’s vase, Palmer (1977)

<< PATTERN RECOGNITION (continued):Gestalt Theory of Perception
OBJECT PERCEPTION (continued):Segmentation, Recognition of object >>
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Cognitive Psychology ­ PSY 504
VU
Lesson 18
PATTERN RECOGNITION (continued)
Gestalt Theory of Perception
Gestalt principles are basically principles of perception.
This figure is consisted on four lines two are horizontal and two are vertical. But some people
may be perceived it like a cross.
People perceive these figures differently.
There are more chances this figure is perceived as cross.
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Cognitive Psychology ­ PSY 504
VU
This following pattern may be perceived as square. Some can also perceive it as cross.
So, it is human tendency to complete the figure even some information is missing.
People perceive it as square even lines are not completed.
Gestalt principles of Organization
Most common principles of gestalt theory are;
Proximity
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Cognitive Psychology ­ PSY 504
VU
The law of proximity says that items which are close together in space or time tend to be
perceived as belonging together or forming an organized group.
Similarity
This law says that same things are considered one thing. Similar items tend to be
organized together.
Good continuation
The tendency to perceive a line that starts in one way as continuation in the same way.
Closure
It refers to perceptual processes that organize the perceived world by filling in gaps in
stimulation.
Good Form
It is a type of closure. We fill in the gaps perceive form rather than disconnected lines.
Symmetry
It says that there is a tendency to organize things to make a balanced or symmetrical
figure that includes all the parts.
Some more examples
These are examples of gestalt principles.
Queen Elizabeth's vase
It is a gift that was given to the Queen Elizabeth on her silver jubilee. It is a vase but we perceive
it as a figure of two faces. We change background in figure and figure into background. Figure
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Cognitive Psychology ­ PSY 504
VU
and background is very important concept in Gestalt theory. This is crucial concept in visual
perception.
Palmer (1977)
Palmer (1977) studied subjects' recognition of figures such as the ones in following figure.
He first showed subjects stimuli such as (a) and then asked them to decide whether fragments
(b)-(e) were part of the original figure. Stimuli (a) tends to organize itself into a triangle and a bent
letter n. Palmer found that subjects could recognize the parts most rapidly when they were the
segments predicted by the Gestalt principles. Thus we see that recognition depends critically on
the initial segmentation of the figure. The figure is;
Object Perception
The basic idea is that a familiar object can be seen as a known configuration of simple
components.
Marr & Nishihara (1978) purposed that familiar objects can be seen as configuration of simple
pipe-like components. For instance, in the following figure the human model is presented.
Different types and sizes of cylinders make a human model. We perceive these cylinders as
human model. The diagram of bird is also consisted on cylinders. Different sizes, types and
shapes of cylinders are used to make different diagrams. It is a Computer model.
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Cognitive Psychology ­ PSY 504
VU
Another contribution was made by Biederman in 1987.
Biederman (1987) has proposed that there are three stages in recognition of an object as a
configuration of simpler components.
1.
Segmentation into sub-objects
2.
Classify the category of each sub-object
3.
Recognition as a pattern made of sub-objects
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Table of Contents:
  1. INTRODUCTION:Historical Background
  2. THE INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH
  3. COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY:Brains of Dead People, The Neuron
  4. COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY (CONTINUED):The Eye, The visual pathway
  5. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (CONTINUED):Hubel & Wiesel, Sensory Memory
  6. VISUAL SENSORY MEMORY EXPERIMENTS (CONTINUED):Psychological Time
  7. ATTENTION:Single-mindedness, In Shadowing Paradigm, Attention and meaning
  8. ATTENTION (continued):Implications, Treisman’s Model, Norman’s Model
  9. ATTENTION (continued):Capacity Models, Arousal, Multimode Theory
  10. ATTENTION:Subsidiary Task, Capacity Theory, Reaction Time & Accuracy, Implications
  11. RECAP OF LAST LESSONS:AUTOMATICITY, Automatic Processing
  12. AUTOMATICITY (continued):Experiment, Implications, Task interference
  13. AUTOMATICITY (continued):Predicting flight performance, Thought suppression
  14. PATTERN RECOGNITION:Template Matching Models, Human flexibility
  15. PATTERN RECOGNITION:Implications, Phonemes, Voicing, Place of articulation
  16. PATTERN RECOGNITION (continued):Adaptation paradigm
  17. PATTERN RECOGNITION (continued):Gestalt Theory of Perception
  18. PATTERN RECOGNITION (continued):Queen Elizabeth’s vase, Palmer (1977)
  19. OBJECT PERCEPTION (continued):Segmentation, Recognition of object
  20. ATTENTION & PATTERN RECOGNITION:Word Superiority Effect
  21. PATTERN RECOGNITION (CONTINUED):Neural Networks, Patterns of connections
  22. PATTERN RECOGNITION (CONTINUED):Effects of Sentence Context
  23. MEMORY:Short Term Working Memory, Atkinson & Shiffrin Model
  24. MEMORY:Rate of forgetting, Size of memory set
  25. Memory:Activation in a network, Magic number 7, Chunking
  26. Memory:Chunking, Individual differences in chunking
  27. MEMORY:THE NATURE OF FORGETTING, Release from PI, Central Executive
  28. Memory:Atkinson & Shiffrin Model, Long Term Memory, Different kinds of LTM
  29. Memory:Spread of Activation, Associative Priming, Implications, More Priming
  30. Memory:Interference, The Critical Assumption, Limited capacity
  31. Memory:Interference, Historical Memories, Recall versus Recognition
  32. Memory:Are forgotten memories lost forever?
  33. Memory:Recognition of lost memories, Representation of knowledge
  34. Memory:Benefits of Categorization, Levels of Categories
  35. Memory:Prototype, Rosch and Colleagues, Experiments of Stephen Read
  36. Memory:Schema Theory, A European Solution, Generalization hierarchies
  37. Memory:Superset Schemas, Part hierarchy, Slots Have More Schemas
  38. MEMORY:Representation of knowledge (continued), Memory for stories
  39. Memory:Representation of knowledge, PQ4R Method, Elaboration
  40. Memory:Study Methods, Analyze Story Structure, Use Multiple Modalities
  41. Memory:Mental Imagery, More evidence, Kosslyn yet again, Image Comparison
  42. Mental Imagery:Eidetic Imagery, Eidetic Psychotherapy, Hot and cold imagery
  43. Language and thought:Productivity & Regularity, Linguistic Intuition
  44. Cognitive development:Assimilation, Accommodation, Stage Theory
  45. Cognitive Development:Gender Identity, Learning Mathematics, Sensory Memory