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NON-ALIGNMENT MOVEMENT (CONTINUED):Cairo Summit, Egypt - 1964

<< NON-ALIGNMENT MOVEMENT:Origin of NAM, NAM’s Institutional Structure
NON-ALIGNMENT MOVEMENT:Criticism of NAM, NAM and Pakistan >>
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International Relations-PSC 201
VU
LESSON 18
NON-ALIGNMENT MOVEMENT (CONTINUED)
NAM Conferences
Belgrade Summit, Yugoslavia - 1961
26 member nations attended the summit and supported the freedom struggles in Algeria, Tunisia, Angola
and the Congo.
Cairo Summit, Egypt - 1964
47 member nations attended the summit and stressed the need for disarmament and non-interference.
Lusaka Summit, Zambia - 1970
54 member nations attended and decided to break off ties with Portugal and South Africa due to lack of
compliance with UN decisions regarding decolonization and end of racial discrimination. The summit also
called on Israel to withdraw from Palestine.
Algiers Summit, Algeria - 1973
76 member nations attended the summit and stressed the need for economic cooperation between
developing countries and recognized that their fate rests primarily in their own hands.
Colombo Summit, Sri Lanka - 1976
86 member nations recognized the need to create new trade flows to make prosperity more widespread and
equitable.
Havana Summit, Cuba - 1979
94 states attended the summit. Radical countries like Cuba and Vietnam urged NAM towards socialist bloc
to fight anti-colonialism; westernized countries such as Singapore and Zaire urged need to ally with the
West to avail access to resources and technological input. The Arab bloc also pressured NAM to expel
Egypt for its unilateral agreement with Israel at Camp David. NAM resisted these pressures by condemning
Egypt and Israel (without expelling them) and denouncing hegemonic designs of both superpowers.
New Delhi Summit, India - 1983
99 member nations urged for nuclear restraint and depoliticizing food aid and aimed to address increasing
global inequalities.
Harare Summit, Zimbabwe - 1986
101 member nations participated and the Summit stressed the need to strengthen frontline states in Africa
facing destabilization by intervention of Pretoria and for the need to pressure Pretoria to end apartheid in
South Africa
Belgrade Summit, Yugoslavia - 1989
102 member nations participated and the Summit highlighted the need to hold free and fair elections in
Namibia, the need to resolve the ongoing trouble in Palestine and Afghanistan.
Jakarta Summit, Indonesia - 1992
108 member nations attended but again there were tensions. Egypt, Cyprus and Indonesia favored closer
ties with the West; Algeria Zimbabwe, Palestine and India wanted to confront the US; and Iran, Iraq, Cuba,
Yemen and Libya wanted NAM to take on western hegemony.
There were also calls for NAM to be like a Trade Union of developing nations to gain global negotiating
leverage.
Columbia Summit, Cartagena - 1995
This Summit recognized the need for reorienting NAM objectives in the unilateral world order. The
Kashmir insurgency was also focused on.
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International Relations-PSC 201
VU
Havana, Cuba (2000) ­ 135 member nations focused on improving South to South cooperation and
improving trade terms with northern countries to eradicate poverty.
India called for membership suspension of countries with military rule, but this proposal was unanimously
rejected.
Kula Lumpur, Malaysia (2003) ­ Attended by 114 member nations, the focus was on the revitalization of the
NAM, for addressing issues of global concern.
Relevant Vocabulary
Apartheid: racial segregation
Discrimination: unfair difference in attitude
Reorientation: redirection
Hegemony: exertion of domination
Revitalization: reinvigoration or revival
Suggested Readings
Students are advised to read the following chapters to develop a better understanding of the various
principals highlighted in this hand-out:
Chapter 10 in `"A Study of International Relations" by Dr. Sultan Khan.
Internet Resources
In addition to reading from the textbook, please visit the following web-pages for this lecture, which
provide useful and interesting information:
NAM official website
http://www.nam.gov.za
Table of Contents:
  1. WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND WHAT IS ITS RELEVANCE?
  2. APPROACHES TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THEORIES IN IR
  3. APPROACHES TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS:Traditional Approach
  4. THE NATION-STATE SYSTEM:Further Evolution of Nation-State
  5. THE NATION STATE SYSTEM: BASIC FEATURES OF A NATION-STATE
  6. NATIONAL INTEREST:Criteria for Defining National Interest
  7. NATIONAL INTEREST:Variations in National Interest, Relevant Vocabulary
  8. BALANCE OF POWER (BOP):BoP from a historical perspective
  9. BALANCE OF POWER (CONTINUED):Degree of Polarization, Functions of BoP
  10. DIPLOMACY:How Diplomacy Functions, Traditional Versus Modern Diplomacy
  11. DIPLOMACY (CONTINUED):Diplomatic Procedures & Practices, Functions of Diplomacy
  12. COLONIALISM, NEO-COLONIALISM & IMPERIALISM:Judging Colonization
  13. COLONIALISM, NEO-COLONIALISM & IMPERIALISM:Types of Neo-Colonialism
  14. COLONIALISM, NEO-COLONIALISM & IMPERIALISM:Objectives of Imperialism
  15. NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER:Criticism of IEO, NIEO Activities
  16. NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDER:Prerequisites for the NIEO
  17. NON-ALIGNMENT MOVEMENT:Origin of NAM, NAM’s Institutional Structure
  18. NON-ALIGNMENT MOVEMENT (CONTINUED):Cairo Summit, Egypt - 1964
  19. NON-ALIGNMENT MOVEMENT:Criticism of NAM, NAM and Pakistan
  20. THE COLD WAR AND ITS IMPACTS - INTRODUCING THE COLD WAR PHENOMENON
  21. THE COLD WAR AND ITS IMPACTS (CONTINUED):Truman Doctrine, Marshal Plan
  22. THE COLD WAR AND ITS IMPACTS (CONTINUED):End of the Cold War
  23. DISARMAMENT AND ARMS CONTROL:History of Disarmament
  24. DISARMAMENT AND ARMS CONTROL (CONTINUED):Other Disarmament Efforts
  25. THE RELEVANCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
  26. THE RELEVANCE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (CONTINUED)
  27. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS:Need for IGOs, Categorizing IGOs
  28. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (CONTINUED):United Nations, Criticism of the UN
  29. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (CONTINUED):European Union, World Bank
  30. THE ROLE OF DECISION MAKING IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
  31. DECISION MAKING (CONTINUED):Rational Actor Model, Group Politics Model
  32. SYSTEMS APPROACH TO IR:Underlying Assumptions, Elements of the System
  33. SYSTEMS BASED APPROACH (CONTINUED) – DISTINCT SYSTEMS IN IR
  34. LIBERALISM AND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY:Neoliberalism
  35. LIBERALISM AND SOCIAL DEMOCRACY (CONTINUED):Liberalism vs. Social Democracy
  36. INTEGRATION IN IR:Preconditions for Integration, Assessing Integration
  37. GLOBALIZATION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS:Advocates of Globalization
  38. THE GLOBAL DIVIDE:World Social Forum, Can the Global Divide Be Bridged?
  39. FOCUS ON FOREIGN INVESTMENTS:Pro-poor Foreign Investments
  40. CONFLICT AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION:Components of a Conflict
  41. CONFLICT RESOLUTION:Creative response, Appropriate assertiveness
  42. THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT:Global Concern for the Environment
  43. THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT:Environmental Concerns and IR, Some Other Issues
  44. HOW IR DIFFER FROM DOMESTIC POLITICS?:Strategies for altering state behavior
  45. CHANGE AND IR:Continuity in IR, Causality and counterfactuals, IR in a nutshell