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MEMORY:Short Term Working Memory, Atkinson & Shiffrin Model

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Cognitive Psychology ­ PSY 504
VU
Lesson 23
MEMORY
Short Term Working Memory
Memory that we use to function is called short term memory. Not the same thing as remembering
what happened yesterday as opposed to a long time ago. Long Term Memory is an infinite
storehouse. Short Term Memory is limited in capacity. Using the computer analogy, STM can be
compared to RAM.
Attention is an integral part of short term memory. Attention is very important in short term
working memory. Because we can not do any thing without paying attention. For instance if we
are adding two numbers without attention we can not add them. Working memory is one of the
most important topics of cognitive psychology along with attention. The memories that are
currently active are often referred to as working memory because they are the knowledge which
we can currently work with. Working memory pull out the information from our long term memory.
Working memory also understand our information and input. But working memory does not do
more works at the same time because Short Term Memory is limited in capacity.
Cognitive psychologists use the term short term memory for this kind of memory but some time
use a term short term working memory. Working memory operates in the present moment. This is
also called here and now.
Atkinson & Shiffrin Model
Atkinson and Shiffrin presented a memory model.
First of all the input comes in sensory register from environment. This information may be visual
or auditory etc. then this input goes to short term memory. Arrows are showing this process.
Sometimes we listen a word that we have listened ago. It has been stored in our long term
memory. Short term memory pull out information from long term memory and match this
information with environmental input or information and then response out put.
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Cognitive Psychology ­ PSY 504
VU
In short term memory there are control processes. These processes happened in short term
memory. These are rehearsal, coding, decisions and retrieval strategies.
Like when someone tells us telephone number we want to store it in our mobile. Until we do not
store this number we rehearse the number in our mind. If we want to remember the information,
for long term, we code the information in someway. We make decisions about information at our
short term memory stage. Or short term memory makes decisions. The strategies of revision are
also present in our short term memory. For example if we are shopping the things in market we
make decisions to buy the things.
So the short term memory is very significant in our memory. We do all things in our short term
memory. Our current information goes into long term memory and stored information in long term
memory comes in short term memory. For example a depressive patient remind all his or her past
life events that make him or her more depressive. So therapists help patient to forget old things.
These old things are stored in long term memory.
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Table of Contents:
  1. INTRODUCTION:Historical Background
  2. THE INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH
  3. COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY:Brains of Dead People, The Neuron
  4. COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY (CONTINUED):The Eye, The visual pathway
  5. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (CONTINUED):Hubel & Wiesel, Sensory Memory
  6. VISUAL SENSORY MEMORY EXPERIMENTS (CONTINUED):Psychological Time
  7. ATTENTION:Single-mindedness, In Shadowing Paradigm, Attention and meaning
  8. ATTENTION (continued):Implications, Treisman’s Model, Norman’s Model
  9. ATTENTION (continued):Capacity Models, Arousal, Multimode Theory
  10. ATTENTION:Subsidiary Task, Capacity Theory, Reaction Time & Accuracy, Implications
  11. RECAP OF LAST LESSONS:AUTOMATICITY, Automatic Processing
  12. AUTOMATICITY (continued):Experiment, Implications, Task interference
  13. AUTOMATICITY (continued):Predicting flight performance, Thought suppression
  14. PATTERN RECOGNITION:Template Matching Models, Human flexibility
  15. PATTERN RECOGNITION:Implications, Phonemes, Voicing, Place of articulation
  16. PATTERN RECOGNITION (continued):Adaptation paradigm
  17. PATTERN RECOGNITION (continued):Gestalt Theory of Perception
  18. PATTERN RECOGNITION (continued):Queen Elizabeth’s vase, Palmer (1977)
  19. OBJECT PERCEPTION (continued):Segmentation, Recognition of object
  20. ATTENTION & PATTERN RECOGNITION:Word Superiority Effect
  21. PATTERN RECOGNITION (CONTINUED):Neural Networks, Patterns of connections
  22. PATTERN RECOGNITION (CONTINUED):Effects of Sentence Context
  23. MEMORY:Short Term Working Memory, Atkinson & Shiffrin Model
  24. MEMORY:Rate of forgetting, Size of memory set
  25. Memory:Activation in a network, Magic number 7, Chunking
  26. Memory:Chunking, Individual differences in chunking
  27. MEMORY:THE NATURE OF FORGETTING, Release from PI, Central Executive
  28. Memory:Atkinson & Shiffrin Model, Long Term Memory, Different kinds of LTM
  29. Memory:Spread of Activation, Associative Priming, Implications, More Priming
  30. Memory:Interference, The Critical Assumption, Limited capacity
  31. Memory:Interference, Historical Memories, Recall versus Recognition
  32. Memory:Are forgotten memories lost forever?
  33. Memory:Recognition of lost memories, Representation of knowledge
  34. Memory:Benefits of Categorization, Levels of Categories
  35. Memory:Prototype, Rosch and Colleagues, Experiments of Stephen Read
  36. Memory:Schema Theory, A European Solution, Generalization hierarchies
  37. Memory:Superset Schemas, Part hierarchy, Slots Have More Schemas
  38. MEMORY:Representation of knowledge (continued), Memory for stories
  39. Memory:Representation of knowledge, PQ4R Method, Elaboration
  40. Memory:Study Methods, Analyze Story Structure, Use Multiple Modalities
  41. Memory:Mental Imagery, More evidence, Kosslyn yet again, Image Comparison
  42. Mental Imagery:Eidetic Imagery, Eidetic Psychotherapy, Hot and cold imagery
  43. Language and thought:Productivity & Regularity, Linguistic Intuition
  44. Cognitive development:Assimilation, Accommodation, Stage Theory
  45. Cognitive Development:Gender Identity, Learning Mathematics, Sensory Memory