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COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY (CONTINUED):The Eye, The visual pathway

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Cognitive Psychology ­ PSY 504
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Lesson 04
COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY (CONTINUED)
Cognitive Neuropsychology describes cognition at the hardware level to use the computer
metaphor. The neural architecture of cognition is the basis on which the edifice of the software
level is erected.
At this level it is possible to explain many visual and auditory phenomena. Higher level cognitions,
however, remain a mystery.
The Eye
The following diagram of the Eye describes its different parts.
Visual information passes through the lens which helps focus the image on the retina. The
information goes from the retina to the optic nerve which transmits it to the brain.
Ibn-al-Haitham
The following diagram gives us a glimpse of contributions by Ibn-al- Haitham, a great Muslim
scientist, who had not only discovered the structure and the function of the eye but also how it
links with the nervous system.
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Cognitive Psychology ­ PSY 504
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Ibn-al-Haitham had not only proposed that the eyes transmit the information to the brain via the
optic nerve but was also aware of the different visual fields in the eye and had also proposed a
dual visual pathway system. Among his other contributions was the development of spectacles
and telescopes.
The visual pathway
The visual pathway can be simply described as starting from the retina where the image is
formed to the optic nerve. From the Optic nerve the information goes to the optic chiasma where
the visual information from the two eyes is combined and then moves on to the lateral geniculate
nucleus. The geniculate nucleus processes information about colors and details of the image.
Another visual pathway takes the information about global features such as localization and
movement to the superior colliculus.
There is by now considerable evidence that there isn't one but two different visual pathways that
take different features of an image to different parts of the brain.
The Ear
The following diagram shows different parts of the ear:
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Cognitive Psychology ­ PSY 504
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The auditory information in the ear comes in the form of sound waves and impacts the ear drum.
From this the information is transmitted via Cochlea to the auditory nerve.
The Auditory Pathway
The auditory pathway is shown in the following diagram:
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Cognitive Psychology ­ PSY 504
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Sound Localization
The simple architecture of sound localization ­ information about where the sound is coming from
­ is described below. There are delay detectors in the nervous system. These delay detectors are
connected to each ear and process information about which ear got the information first and
which got it later. Depending on the delay between the ears it determines which direction the
information came from.
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Cognitive Psychology ­ PSY 504
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Table of Contents:
  1. INTRODUCTION:Historical Background
  2. THE INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH
  3. COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY:Brains of Dead People, The Neuron
  4. COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY (CONTINUED):The Eye, The visual pathway
  5. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY (CONTINUED):Hubel & Wiesel, Sensory Memory
  6. VISUAL SENSORY MEMORY EXPERIMENTS (CONTINUED):Psychological Time
  7. ATTENTION:Single-mindedness, In Shadowing Paradigm, Attention and meaning
  8. ATTENTION (continued):Implications, Treisman’s Model, Norman’s Model
  9. ATTENTION (continued):Capacity Models, Arousal, Multimode Theory
  10. ATTENTION:Subsidiary Task, Capacity Theory, Reaction Time & Accuracy, Implications
  11. RECAP OF LAST LESSONS:AUTOMATICITY, Automatic Processing
  12. AUTOMATICITY (continued):Experiment, Implications, Task interference
  13. AUTOMATICITY (continued):Predicting flight performance, Thought suppression
  14. PATTERN RECOGNITION:Template Matching Models, Human flexibility
  15. PATTERN RECOGNITION:Implications, Phonemes, Voicing, Place of articulation
  16. PATTERN RECOGNITION (continued):Adaptation paradigm
  17. PATTERN RECOGNITION (continued):Gestalt Theory of Perception
  18. PATTERN RECOGNITION (continued):Queen Elizabeth’s vase, Palmer (1977)
  19. OBJECT PERCEPTION (continued):Segmentation, Recognition of object
  20. ATTENTION & PATTERN RECOGNITION:Word Superiority Effect
  21. PATTERN RECOGNITION (CONTINUED):Neural Networks, Patterns of connections
  22. PATTERN RECOGNITION (CONTINUED):Effects of Sentence Context
  23. MEMORY:Short Term Working Memory, Atkinson & Shiffrin Model
  24. MEMORY:Rate of forgetting, Size of memory set
  25. Memory:Activation in a network, Magic number 7, Chunking
  26. Memory:Chunking, Individual differences in chunking
  27. MEMORY:THE NATURE OF FORGETTING, Release from PI, Central Executive
  28. Memory:Atkinson & Shiffrin Model, Long Term Memory, Different kinds of LTM
  29. Memory:Spread of Activation, Associative Priming, Implications, More Priming
  30. Memory:Interference, The Critical Assumption, Limited capacity
  31. Memory:Interference, Historical Memories, Recall versus Recognition
  32. Memory:Are forgotten memories lost forever?
  33. Memory:Recognition of lost memories, Representation of knowledge
  34. Memory:Benefits of Categorization, Levels of Categories
  35. Memory:Prototype, Rosch and Colleagues, Experiments of Stephen Read
  36. Memory:Schema Theory, A European Solution, Generalization hierarchies
  37. Memory:Superset Schemas, Part hierarchy, Slots Have More Schemas
  38. MEMORY:Representation of knowledge (continued), Memory for stories
  39. Memory:Representation of knowledge, PQ4R Method, Elaboration
  40. Memory:Study Methods, Analyze Story Structure, Use Multiple Modalities
  41. Memory:Mental Imagery, More evidence, Kosslyn yet again, Image Comparison
  42. Mental Imagery:Eidetic Imagery, Eidetic Psychotherapy, Hot and cold imagery
  43. Language and thought:Productivity & Regularity, Linguistic Intuition
  44. Cognitive development:Assimilation, Accommodation, Stage Theory
  45. Cognitive Development:Gender Identity, Learning Mathematics, Sensory Memory