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Preface:Introduction

Introduction to Objects:The progress of abstraction, An object has an interface >>
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Thinking in Java,
2nd Edition, Release 11
To be published by Prentice-Hall mid-June, 2000
Bruce Eckel, President,
MindView, Inc.
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Thinking
in
Java
Second Edition
Bruce Eckel
President, MindView, Inc.
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Comments from readers:
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Java. Ray Frederick Djajadinata, Student at Trisakti University,
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student, University of Alberta, Canada
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About Thinking in C++:
Best Book! Winner of the
1995 Software Development Magazine Jolt Award!
"This book is a tremendous achievement. You owe it to yourself to
have a copy on your shelf. The chapter on iostreams is the most
comprehensive and understandable treatment of that subject I've seen
to date."
Al Stevens
Contributing Editor, Doctor Dobbs Journal
"Eckel's book is the only one to so clearly explain how to rethink
program construction for object orientation. That the book is also an
excellent tutorial on the ins and outs of C++ is an added bonus."
Andrew Binstock
Editor, Unix Review
"Bruce continues to amaze me with his insight into C++, and Thinking
in C++ is his best collection of ideas yet. If you want clear answers to
difficult questions about C++, buy this outstanding book."
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Author, The Tao of Objects
"Thinking in C++ patiently and methodically explores the issues of
when and how to use inlines, references, operator overloading,
inheritance, and dynamic objects, as well as advanced topics such as
the proper use of templates, exceptions and multiple inheritance. The
entire effort is woven in a fabric that includes Eckel's own philosophy
of object and program design. A must for every C++ developer's
bookshelf, Thinking in C++ is the one C++ book you must have if
you're doing serious development with C++."
Richard Hale Shaw
Contributing Editor, PC Magazine
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Thinking
in
Java
Second Edition
Bruce Eckel
President, MindView, Inc.
Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
www.phptr.com
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Eckel, Bruce.
Thinking in Java / Bruce Eckel.--2nd ed.
p.
cm.
ISBN 0-13-027363-5
1. Java (Computer program language) I. Title.
QA76.73.J38E25 2000
005.13'3--dc21
00-037522
CIP
Editorial/Production Supervision: Nicholas Radhuber
Acquisitions Editor: Paul Petralia
Manufacturing Manager: Maura Goldstaub
Marketing Manager: Bryan Gambrel
Cover Design: Daniel Will-Harris
Interior Design: Daniel Will-Harris, www.will-harris.com
� 2000 by Bruce Eckel, President, MindView, Inc.
Published by Prentice Hall PTR
Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The information in this book is distributed on an "as is" basis, without warranty. While every precaution
has been taken in the preparation of this book, neither the author nor the publisher shall have any liability
to any person or entitle with respect to any liability, loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly
or indirectly by instructions contained in this book or by the computer software or hardware products
described herein.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without
permission in writing from the publisher.
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Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458.
Java is a registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Windows 95 and Windows NT are trademarks of
Microsoft Corporation. All other product names and company names mentioned herein are the property of
their respective owners.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 0-13-027363-5
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Check
for in-depth details
and the date and location
of the next
Hands-On Java Seminar
� Based on this book
� Taught by Bruce Eckel
� Personal attention from Bruce Eckel
and his seminar assistants
� Includes in-class programming exercises
� Intermediate/Advanced seminars also offered
� Hundreds have already enjoyed this seminar--
see the Web site for their testimonials
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Bruce Eckel's Hands-On Java Seminar
Multimedia CD
It's like coming to the seminar!
Available at
! The Hands-On Java Seminar captured on a Multimedia CD!
! Overhead slides and synchronized audio voice narration for all
the lectures. Just play it to see and hear the lectures!
! Created and narrated by Bruce Eckel.
! Based on the material in this book.
Demo lecture available at
!
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Dedication
To the person who, even now,
is creating the next great computer language
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......................
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................................................
Overview
Preface
1
191
243
349
9: Holding Your Objects
407
10: Error Handling with Exceptions
531
14: Multiple Threads
903
A: Passing & Returning Objects
B: The Java Native Interface (JNI)
Index
1099
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............................................................
What's Inside
implementation.................37
Preface
1
Preface to the 2nd edition .... 4
The CD ROM....................... 7
Introduction
with polymorphism .......... 44
Exercises ........................... 19
Multimedia CD ROM ........ 19
The housekeeping dilemma:
Coding standards ......................... 22
who should clean up? ................... 55
Seminars and
Errors ................................ 23
What is the Web?......................... 60
Internet contributors ................... 28
Client-side programming .............63
to Objects
A separate arena:
The progress
applications .................................. 71
an interface ....................... 32
Phase 1: What are we making?..... 75
Phase 2: How will we build it? ..... 79
Phase 3: Build the core.................83
Reusing the
Phase 4: Iterate the use cases.......84
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..........................................................
The static keyword .....................117
Comments and embedded
Comment documentation .......... 123
Syntax ......................................... 124
Embedded HTML....................... 125
@see: referring to
other classes................................ 125
Class documentation tags........... 126
Management obstacles ................ 95
Variable documentation tags ..... 127
Method documentation tags ...... 127
Documentation example ............ 128
Coding style ..................... 129
Summary .........................130
Exercises..........................130
You manipulate objects
Program Flow
all the objects .................. 103
You never need to
Relational operators ....................141
Bitwise operators........................ 146
types: class ...................... 110
The comma operator .................. 152
when using operators ................. 153
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.......................................................
Exercises......................... 240
package:
Creating unique
do-while.......................................173
break and continue ..................... 175
Using imports to
public: interface access.............256
Method overloading........ 194
Distinguishing
implementation...............261
overloaded methods....................196
Overloading with primitives .......197
Summary .........................267
return values .............................. 202
6: Reusing Classes
271
The this keyword....................... 203
What is finalize( ) for?.............208
Combining composition
You must perform cleanup ........ 209
The death condition ....................214
How a garbage
Name hiding .............................. 286
Member initialization ..... 219
Choosing composition
Specifying initialization ..............221
Constructor initialization........... 223
Array initialization.......... 231
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..........................................................
8: Interfaces &
Inner Classes
"Multiple inheritance"
Extending an interface
class loading....................304
Grouping constants ....................359
Exercises ......................... 307
7: Polymorphism
311
Upcasting revisited ..........311
The link to the outer class ..........376
Producing the right behavior......316
static inner classes ....................379
overloading ..................... 324
and methods ................... 325
be overridden?............................385
Why inner classes? .................... 388
Exercises......................... 403
9: Holding
Your Objects
Downcasting and run-time
Arrays ............................. 407
Arrays are first-class objects ..... 409
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.............................................................
Choosing between Sets ..............506
Utilities ............................ 512
Introduction to
Filling containers ....................... 442
Container disadvantage:
unknown type .................450
Sometimes it works anyway....... 452
Making a type-conscious
ArrayList.................................. 454
Iterators .......................... 456
Container taxonomy .......460
10: Error Handling
functionality....................463
List functionality............ 467
Making a stack
from a LinkedList.....................471
Exception handlers..................... 535
from a LinkedList.................... 472
Set functionality ............. 473
SortedSet ................................. 476
Map functionality........... 476
SortedMap............................... 482
Catching any exception ..............543
Hashing and hash codes ............ 482
Overriding hashCode( ) .......... 492
Holding references..........495
The WeakHashMap ............... 498
The special case of
Iterators revisited........... 500
RuntimeException.................550
Choosing an
Performing cleanup
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...............................................................
Exception restrictions ..... 558
Compression................... 606
11: The Java
I/O System
Controlling serialization............. 619
Tokenizing input ............ 639
Checking capitalization style......645
Identification
Reading from an InputStream
The need for RTTI .......... 659
Exercises......................... 686
13: Creating Windows
I/O streams ..................... 594
Applet restrictions ......................692
Application frameworks .............694
Running applets inside
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..........................................................
Pop-up menus ............................766
Running applets from
Swing components ..................... 779
A display framework .................. 702
Trees ........................................... 781
GridLayout .................................. 715
techniques .......................794
Separating business
A canonical form ........................799
Tracking multiple events ........... 730
What is a Bean? ..........................801
Buttons ....................................... 734
Icons ........................................... 738
A more sophisticated Bean......... 811
Tool tips...................................... 740
Text fields................................... 740
Borders ....................................... 743
JScrollPanes............................... 744
A mini-editor.............................. 747
Check boxes................................ 748
14: Multiple Threads
Radio buttons............................. 750
Combo boxes
(drop-down lists) ........................ 751
List boxes ................................... 753
Tabbed panes ..............................755
Message boxes............................ 756
Combining the thread
Menus......................................... 759
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....................................................
Servlets ........................... 948
Improperly accessing
Running the
Implicit objects ...........................962
Reading and
Thread groups ............................ 882
attributes and scope .................. 968
Creating and
Exercises ......................... 901
modifying cookies....................... 971
JSP summary..............................972
RMI (Remote Method
Computing
903
Invocation) ......................973
Remote interfaces.......................973
Implementing the
remote interface .........................974
Using the remote object .............979
Using URLs from
CORBA ........................... 980
An example ................................ 983
Java Database
Java Applets and CORBA.......... 989
CORBA vs. RMI ......................... 989
Enterprise JavaBeans..... 990
A GUI version
JavaBeans vs. EJBs .................... 991
The EJB specification.................992
seems so complex....................... 938
The pieces of an
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..........
EJB component.......................... 994
EJB summary........................... 1003
Creating read-only classes........1049
Jini in context .......................... 1003
The drawback
to immutability.........................1050
What is Jini? ............................ 1004
How Jini works ........................ 1005
Immutable Strings.................. 1052
The discovery process .............. 1006
The String and
StringBuffer classes .............. 1056
The join process ....................... 1006
The lookup process .................. 1007
Strings are special...................1060
Summary ...................... 1060
Separation of interface
Exercises........................1062
and implementation................. 1008
Abstracting
B: The Java Native
distributed systems.................. 1009
Interface (JNI)
1065
Summary....................... 1010
Calling a
Exercises ....................... 1010
native method................1066
A: Passing &
The header file
Returning Objects
1013
generator: javah........................ 1067
Passing
Name mangling and
references around ......... 1014
function signatures...................1068
Aliasing......................................1014
Implementing your DLL...........1068
Making local copies........1017
Accessing JNI functions:
the JNIEnv argument ..1069
Pass by value .............................1018
Cloning objects..........................1018
Accessing Java Strings ............. 1071
Passing and
Adding cloneability
using Java objects.......... 1071
to a class ................................... 1020
JNI and
Successful cloning.................... 1022
Java exceptions ............. 1074
The effect of
JNI and threading ......... 1075
Object.clone( )...................... 1025
Using a preexisting
Cloning a composed object .......1027
code base ....................... 1075
A deep copy
Additional
with ArrayList........................ 1030
information ................... 1076
Deep copy via serialization ...... 1032
Adding cloneability
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C: Java Programming
Books ............................. 1091
Guidelines
1077
Analysis & design......................1093
Python....................................... 1095
Design ........................... 1077
My own list of books.................1096
Implementation ............ 1084
Index
1099
D: Resources
1091
Software ........................ 1091
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Preface
I suggested to my brother Todd, who is making the leap
from hardware into programming, that the next big
revolution will be in genetic engineering.
We'll have microbes designed to make food, fuel, and plastic; they'll clean
up pollution and in general allow us to master the manipulation of the
physical world for a fraction of what it costs now. I claimed that it would
make the computer revolution look small in comparison.
Then I realized I was making a mistake common to science fiction writers:
getting lost in the technology (which is of course easy to do in science
fiction). An experienced writer knows that the story is never about the
things; it's about the people. Genetics will have a very large impact on our
lives, but I'm not so sure it will dwarf the computer revolution (which
enables the genetic revolution)--or at least the information revolution.
Information is about talking to each other: yes, cars and shoes and
especially genetic cures are important, but in the end those are just
trappings. What truly matters is how we relate to the world. And so much
of that is about communication.
This book is a case in point. A majority of folks thought I was very bold or
a little crazy to put the entire thing up on the Web. "Why would anyone
buy it?" they asked. If I had been of a more conservative nature I wouldn't
have done it, but I really didn't want to write another computer book in
the same old way. I didn't know what would happen but it turned out to
be the smartest thing I've ever done with a book.
For one thing, people started sending in corrections. This has been an
amazing process, because folks have looked into every nook and cranny
and caught both technical and grammatical errors, and I've been able to
eliminate bugs of all sorts that I know would have otherwise slipped
through. People have been simply terrific about this, very often saying
"Now, I don't mean this in a critical way..." and then giving me a
collection of errors I'm sure I never would have found. I feel like this has
1
Table of Contents:
  1. Introduction to Objects:The progress of abstraction, An object has an interface
  2. Everything is an Object:You manipulate objects with references, Your first Java program
  3. Controlling Program Flow:Using Java operators, Execution control, true and false
  4. Initialization & Cleanup:Method overloading, Member initialization
  5. Hiding the Implementation:the library unit, Java access specifiers, Interface and implementation
  6. Reusing Classes:Composition syntax, Combining composition and inheritance
  7. Polymorphism:Upcasting revisited, The twist, Designing with inheritance
  8. Interfaces & Inner Classes:Extending an interface with inheritance, Inner class identifiers
  9. Holding Your Objects:Container disadvantage, List functionality, Map functionality
  10. Error Handling with Exceptions:Basic exceptions, Catching an exception
  11. The Java I/O System:The File class, Compression, Object serialization, Tokenizing input
  12. Run-time Type Identification:The need for RTTI, A class method extractor
  13. Creating Windows & Applets:Applet restrictions, Running applets from the command line
  14. Multiple Threads:Responsive user interfaces, Sharing limited resources, Runnable revisited
  15. Distributed Computing:Network programming, Servlets, CORBA, Enterprise JavaBeans
  16. A: Passing & Returning Objects:Aliasing, Making local copies, Cloning objects
  17. B: The Java Native Interface (JNI):Calling a native method, the JNIEnv argument
  18. Java Programming Guidelines:Design, Implementation
  19. Resources:Software, Books, My own list of books
  20. Index