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ATTITUDE-PERSONALITY:Job Satisfaction, Work Situation, Self - Monitoring

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Leadership & Team Management ­ MGMT 623
VU
Lesson 13
ATTITUDE-PERSONALITY
In lecture 12, we started understanding leader as individual. Continuing from previous lecture, to
understand individual knowing the basis of behavior of individuals is very important.
Why is it important to know an individual's values? Although Values strongly influence a person's
perception, attitudes and ultimately the behavior; Knowledge of an individual's value system can
provide insight into his/her attitudes.
Leaders should be interested in their employees' attitudes because attitudes give warnings of potential
problems and because they influence behavior. Satisfied and committed employees, for instance, have
lower rates of turnover and absenteeism.
Work attitudes are collections of feelings, beliefs, and thoughts about how to behave that people
currently hold about their jobs and organizations.
a. Work attitudes are more specific than values, and not as long lasting.
b. Two work attitudes that have important implications for organizational behavior are
"job satisfaction" and "organizational commitment".
Job Satisfaction: It refers to a collection of feelings that an individual holds toward his or her job. A
high level of job satisfaction brings positive attitudes toward the job and vice versa. Employee attitudes
and job satisfaction are frequently used interchangeably. Often when people speak of "employee
attitudes" they mean "employee job satisfaction. Other definition, a pleasurable or positive emotional
state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experience
Jobs require interaction with coworkers and bosses, following organizational rules and policies,
meeting performance standards, living with working conditions that are often less than ideal. This
means that an employee's assessment of how satisfied or dissatisfied he or she is with his/her job is a
complex summation of a number of discrete job elements.
Four factors affect the level of job satisfaction a person experiences: personality, values, the work
situation, and social influence.
Personality: Personality, the enduring ways a person has of feeling, thinking, and behaving, is the first
determinant of how people think and feel about their jobs or job satisfaction.
a. Researchers have found that genetic factors accounted for about 30 percent of the differences in
levels of job satisfaction across respondents in a study of twins.
b. The study suggested that people seek out jobs that are suited to their genetic make up.
c. Implications for managers include the suggestion that part of job satisfaction is determined by
employees' personalities, which an organization or manager cannot change in the short run.
d. However, since 70 percent (as indicated in the twins study) of the variation in job satisfaction
remains on other factors, managers/leaders should focus on change or influence in this area.
Values: Values have an impact on levels of job satisfaction because they
reflect employees'
convictions about the outcomes that work should lead to and how one should behave at work.
Work Situation: Perhaps the most important source of job satisfaction is the work situation itself, the
tasks a person performs (for example, how interesting or boring they are), the people, a jobholder
interacts with (customers, subordinates, supervisors), the surroundings in which a person works (noise
level, crowdedness, temperature), and the way the organization treats the jobholder (working hours, job
security, the extent to which pay and benefits are generous or fair).
Organizational Citizenship Behavior: When one think of organization beyond their official
responsibility. People start owning the organization and start caring about it beyond the legal or job
requirements.
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Leadership & Team Management ­ MGMT 623
VU
It seems logical to assume that job satisfaction should be a major determinant of an employee's
organizational citizenship behavior. More recent evidence, however, suggests that satisfaction
influences organizational citizenship behavior, but through perceptions of fairness.
There is a modest overall relationship between job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior.
Basically, job satisfaction comes down to conceptions of fair outcomes, treatment, and procedures.
When you trust your employer, you are more likely to engage in behaviors that go beyond your formal
job requirements.
Organizational Commitment: A state in which an employee identifies with a particular organization
and its goals.
Affective Commitment: Emotional attachment to the organization and belief in its values.
Continuance Commitment: Value of remaining with an organization compared to alternatives. Can't afford to
leave the organization.
Normative Commitment: Obligation to remain with the organization for moral or ethical reasons.
·  Conditions that enhance:
­  Job satisfaction (strong, positive relationship)
­  Participation
­  Job security
­  Job characteristics (autonomy, responsibility, interesting work)
·
Advantages:
­
Lower absenteeism, lower turnover, higher quality, higher productivity, higher performance
An individual's level of organizational commitment is a better indicator of turnover than the far more
frequently used job satisfaction predictor because it is a more global and enduring response to the
organization as a whole than is job satisfaction.
Job Satisfaction and Absenteeism: We find a consistent negative relationship between satisfaction
and absenteeism. The more satisfied you are, the less likely you are to miss work. It makes sense that
dissatisfied employees are more likely to miss work, but other factors have an impact on the
relationship and reduce the correlation coefficient. For example, you might be a satisfied worker, yet
still take a "mental health" to head for the beach now and again.
Job Satisfaction and Turnover: Satisfaction is also negatively related to turnover, but the correlation
is stronger than what we found for absenteeism. Other factors such as labor market conditions,
expectations about alternative job opportunities, and length of tenure with the organization are
important constraints on the actual decision to leave one's current job.
Job Satisfaction and Job Performance: Leader's interest in job satisfaction tends to center on its
effect on employee performance. Much research has been done on the impact of job satisfaction on
employee job performance, absenteeism, and turnover. Happy workers are not necessarily productive
workers--the evidence suggests that productivity is likely to lead to satisfaction. At the organization
level, there is renewed support for the original satisfaction-performance relationship. It seems
organizations with more satisfied workers as a whole are more productive organizations.
Individual Behavior-Perception: Perception is the process by which individuals select, organize, and
interpret the input from their senses (vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste) to give meaning and order
to the world around them. Interpretation of a situation is known as perception. Through perception,
people try to make sense of their environment and the objects, events, and other people in it. Play major
role on the behaviors of the people.
·
Perception has three components:
The perceiver is the person trying to interpret some observation that he or she has just
o
made, or the input from his or her senses.
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Leadership & Team Management ­ MGMT 623
VU
o  The target of perception is whatever the perceiver is trying to make sense of. In
organizational behavior, we are often concerned with person perception, or another person
as the target of perception.
The situation is the context in which perception takes place.
o
Characteristics of all three components influence what is actually perceived
Impression Management: Self-presentation---is the process by which people attempt to manage or
control the perceptions other form of them. Impression management is an attempt to control the
perceptions or impressions of others.
a. Just as a perceiver actively constructs reality through his or her perceptions, target of perception
can also play an active role in managing the perceptions that others have of him or her.
b. People in organizations use several impression management tactics to affect how others perceive
them.
c. Five common impression management tactics are:
1. Behavior matching.
2. Self-promotion.
3. Conforming to situational norms.
4. Appreciating or flattering others.
5. Being consistent.
Conforming to situational norms--the informal rules of behavior that most members of
an
organizational follow is a particularly important Impression Management tactic.
People differ in the extent to which they conform to situational norms and engage in other forms of
impression management.
Conforming to situational norms can often be difficult for people operating in the international arena.
Common courtesies and gestures that are taken for granted in one culture or country may be frowned on
or downright insulting in another.
People are likely to engage in impression management when they are likely to benefit from it.
Self-presentation: Is the process by which people attempt to manage or control the perceptions other
form of them.
Employee Impression Management Strategies
Demotion-preventative strategies
Accounts
Apologies
Disassociation
Promotion-enhancing strategies
Entitlement
Enhancement
Obstacles disclosures
Association
Individual as the Independent and Interdependent
Relationship of Culture and the Self is also very important to understand the behavior of individuals.
Collectivism and individualism are the two examples.
Collectivism:
Giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly. The emphasis is on
harmony and blending in.
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Leadership & Team Management ­ MGMT 623
VU
Individualism:
Giving priority to personal goals and defining one's identity accordingly. The emphasis is on
uniqueness and standing out.
Personality Traits
Locus of Control defines whether a person places the primary responsibility for what happens to him or
her within himself/herself or on outside forces. People differ in how much control they believe they have
over the situation they are in and over what happens to them. The locus of control trait captures the difference
between individuals who seem in control and those who are not.
·
Externals, individuals with an external locus of control, tend to believe that outside forces are largely
responsible for their fate, and they see little connection between their own actions and what happens to
them.
·
Internals, individuals with an internal locus of control, think that their own actions and behaviors have
an impact in determining what happens to them.
In organizations, internals are more easily motivated than externals and do not need as much direct
supervision because they are more likely to believe that their work behaviors influence important outcomes
such as how well they perform their jobs, and the pay increases, praise, job security, and promotions they
receive.
Authoritarianism: The degree to which leaders believe in authoritarianism will influence how they use
their power and how they expect subordinates to behave in response. People who are high in
authoritarianism would show respect for titles, formal authority, status and rank.
Dogmatism: receptiveness to others' ideas and opinions. Highly dogmatic people are close minded and not
receptive to others' ideas.
Self-Esteem: Self-esteem is the extent to which people have pride in themselves and their capabilities.
Individuals with high self-esteem think they are generally capable and worthy people who can deal with most
situations. Individuals with low self-esteem question their self-worth, doubt their capabilities, and are
apprehensive about their ability to succeed in different endeavors. Self-esteem influences people's choices of
activities and jobs. In self esteem, challenges and goals are impacted. Positive self-esteem is credited with:
·  Enhancing performance.
·  Increasing the likelihood of success.
·  Fueling motivation.
Type A and Type B Personalities: Individuals who are Type A have an intense desire to achieve, are
extremely competitive, have a sense of urgency, are impatient, and can be hostile. Because these individuals
are so driven, they can be difficult to get along with. These individuals, though they have the drive to
accomplish, do not do well in situations that require a lot of interaction with others. These individuals are
more likely to have more conflicts..  Type B individuals are more relaxed and easygoing. Type B
characterized as easy-going, relaxed, and able to listen carefully and communicate more precisely than
Type-A individual.
Positive Affect - an individual's tendency to highlight the positive aspects of oneself, other people, and
the world in general
Negative Affect - an individual's tendency to highlight the negative aspects of oneself, other people,
and the world in general
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI): A series of questions that ask people to indicate their
preferred way of acting, thinking, or feeling in different situations. This is a One of the most widely
used personality frameworks. It is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they usually feel
or act in particular situations.
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Leadership & Team Management ­ MGMT 623
VU
Individuals are classified as
Introversion/Extroversion (E or I)
Sensing/Intuitive (S or N)
Feeling/Thinking (F or T)
Perceiving/Judging (P or J)
These classifications are then combined into sixteen personality types. For example:
INTJs are visionaries. They usually have original minds and great drive for their own ideas and
purposes. They are characterized as skeptical, critical, independent, determined, and often stubborn.
ESTJs are organizers. They are realistic, logical, analytical, decisive, and have a natural head for
business or mechanics.
The ENTP type is a conceptualizer. He or she is innovative, individualistic, versatile, and attracted
to entrepreneurial ideas. This person tends to be resourceful in solving challenging problems but
may neglect routine assignments.
We will discuss in detail about MBTI during our next lecture.
Self-Monitoring: Self-monitoring (SM): is the extent to which people try to control the way they present
themselves to others.
High SM: High self monitors want their behavior to be socially acceptable and so are attuned to any
social cues that signal appropriate behavior in a situation. The opposite is true for low self-monitors. High
self-monitors tend to perform well in sales positions or consulting.
Low SM: low self monitors are not as vigilant to situational cues and act from internal states
rather than paying attention to the situation and are useful when open, honest feedback is needed.
Self - Monitoring
· Low Self Monitors
· High Self Monitors
­ act from internal
­ flexible: adjust behavior
states rather than
according to the
from situational cues
situation and the
­ Consistent, but may
behavior of others
also be resistant to
­ can appear
change
unpredictable &
­ less likely to respond
inconsistent
to work group norms
­ Good in teams
or supervisory
­ Accept feedback well
feedback
Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Behavior that is above and beyond the call of duty. Things that
affect OCB may be:
Job Satisfaction
Procedural justice
It helps to explain why individual level job satisfaction is related to organizational performance.
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Table of Contents:
  1. INTRODUCTION, ORGANIZATION THE STAGE FOR LEADERSHIP:Challenges, Value creation
  2. FOCUSING ON PEOPLE: THE KEY TO SUCCESS:People in the Process, Developing and Sustaining A World-class Workforce
  3. LEADERSHIP:Characteristics of Successful Leader, Why Study Leadership?
  4. LEADERSHIP (CONTD.):Characteristics of Leaders Who Fail, Why Leaders Fail?
  5. MANAGERS VS LEADERS:Characteristics, Effective Leadership, Respect for Diversity
  6. FOLLOWER-SHIP:Importance of Followers, Follower-ship Style
  7. LEADERSHIP PROCESS:Strategies for Cultivating Exemplary Followers, Important Traits of Leaders
  8. LEADERSHIP PROCESS (CONTD.):Qualities of Leaders, Self-Confidence, Integrity
  9. LEADERSHIP THEORIES/ APPROACHES:Personal Characteristics of Leaders, Managerial Grid
  10. CONTINGENCY THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP:The Fiedler Model, Situational Leadership Theory, Path-Goal Theory
  11. TRANSACTIONAL, CHARISMATIC AND TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP:Visionary Leadership
  12. THE LEADER AS AN INDIVIDUAL:Personality, Situation, Heredity, Environment
  13. ATTITUDE-PERSONALITY:Job Satisfaction, Work Situation, Self - Monitoring
  14. BIG FIVE MODEL, MYERS BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR (MBTI):Sub-Categories Defined, Information Gathering
  15. SITUATIONAL FACTORS:Social and psychological climate, Culture of the organization
  16. BECOMING A LEADER! WHAT DOES IT MEAN & HOW DO YOU GET IT?:Mission Statement, Leading oneself
  17. BECOMING A LEADER:Elements of Leadership, CONCEPT OF POWER,
  18. UNDERSTANDING POWER:Sources of Power, Responses to the Use of Power, Managing Political Behavior
  19. LEADERSHIP POWER & INFLUENCE:Positional Power, Being an Effective Leader
  20. LEADERSHIP AND EMPOWERMENT:Power sharing and Empowerment, Share Information
  21. MOTIVATION:Guidelines for Delegating, Human Resource Approach
  22. MOTIVATION AT WORK, MOTIVATION AND LEADERSHIP:What Factors Diminish Motivation in the Workplace
  23. LEADERSHIP COMMUNICATION:Communication & the Four Management Functions
  24. REVIEW-1:Organizational Performance, That is the Role of Management?, Leaders Vs Managers
  25. GROUP & TEAM CONCEPT:Groups versus Teams, Deciding When to Use a Team
  26. TEAM DYNAMICS:Stages of Group Development, Problem-Solving Teams, Benefits of Teams
  27. BUILDING THE TEAM:Leadership success requires, Strategies for Team Building
  28. A TEAM-BASED ORGANIZATION:Basic Steps, Span of Control, Categories of Decisions
  29. DECISION MAKING:Categories of Decisions, The Decision-Making Process
  30. TEAM DECISION MAKING:Team Problem Solving Techniques, Concept of QC
  31. EFFECTIVE TEAM COMMUNICATION:Team/Group Communications
  32. CONFLICT IN TEAM:Sources of Conflict, Scarcity of Resources, Dysfunctional Outcomes
  33. TRAINING/LEARNING OF TEAM:Training Methods, Phases of Learning Cycles
  34. LEARNING ORGANIZATION:A Litmus Test, Work Relations
  35. REWARDING & RECOGNIZING TEAMWORK:Compensating Teams, Individual or Team Rewards?
  36. MANAGING/LEADING VIRTUAL TEAMS:Communications in Virtual Organizations, Virtual Leadership
  37. EFFECTIVE TEAM MEETINGS:Better Meetings, Meeting Roles, Meeting Room Facilities
  38. LEADING TEAM:Team Leadership Structures, Leadership Demands and Duties, Leadership Direction
  39. REVIEW-II:Types of Teams, Characteristics of High Performance Teams, Sources of Conflict
  40. STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP:Strategic Management, Determining Strategic Direction, Developing Human Capital:
  41. LEADING CHANGE:Dynamics of Change, Change Models, Unfreeze
  42. CREATIVE LEADERSHIP:Awaken Your Senses, How Might These Definitions Be Integrated
  43. ETHICS IN LEADERSHIP:Character Traits Reflect Ethics, Manifests Honesty
  44. LOOKING AT THE FUTURE: WHAT COMES NEXT:Benefits of Teams, Ethical Leadership,
  45. TEAMWORK: LEARNING FROM NATURE:Social Behavior, Termites, Learning from Nature