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Management
of Financial Institutions - MGT
604
VU
Lecture
# 2
FINANCIALINSTITUTIONS
In
financial economics, a
financialinstitution acts as an agent
thatprovides
financial
services
for its clients.
Financialinstitutions generally
fallunder financial
regulationfrom a
governmentauthority.
Types
of Financial Institutions
Commontypes
of financial institutionsinclude banks,
Insurance Co,Leasing
Co,
InvestmentCo,
and Mutual Funds.
Banks
A
bank is a commercial or
stateinstitution that
providesfinancial services,
includingissuing
money
in various forms,
receivingdeposits of money,
lendingmoney, and processing
transactions
and the creating of
credit.
CentralBank
A
central bank, reserve bank or
monetary authority, is an entity
responsible for the
monetarypolicy
of its country or of a group of
member states, such as the
EuropeanCentral
Bank(ECB)
in the European Union,the
Federal Reserve System in theUnited
States of
America,State
Bank in Pakistan.
Itsprimary
responsibility is to maintainthe
stability of thenational
currency and money
supply,but
more active dutiesinclude
controlling subsidized-loaninterest
rates, and acting
as
a "bailout" lender of
lastresort to the banking
sector during times of
financialcrisis
(private
banks often being integral to
the national
financialsystem).
CommercialBank
A
commercial bank
acceptsdeposits from
customers and in turn makes
loans, even in
excess
of the deposits; a process known as
fractional-reserve banking. Some banks
(called
Banks
of issue) issue banknotes as
legaltender.
InvestmentBank
Investment
banks help companies and governments and
their agencies to raisemoney
by
issuing
and selling securities in
theprimary market. They
assistpublic and
private
corporations
in raising funds in
thecapital markets (both
equity and debt), as well as
in
providingstrategic
advisory services for mergers,
acquisitions and other types of
financial
transactions.
SavingBank
A
savings bank is a
financialinstitution whose
primary purpose is accepting
savings
deposits.
It may also perform
someother functions.
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Management
of Financial Institutions - MGT
604
VU
Micro
Finance Bank
Forthe
purpose of poverty reductionprogram,
such kind of banks is working in
the
differentcountries
with thecontribution of UNO or
WorldBank.
In
Pakistan 7 Micro Finance
Banksare providing services
underthe SBP
prudential
regulation.
IslamicBank
Islamicbanking
refers to a system of banking or
banking activitythat is
consistentwith
Islamiclaw
(Sharia)
principles and guided by
Islamiceconomics. In particular,
Islamiclaw
prohibitsusury,
the collection and payment of
interest, also commonlycalled
ribain
Islamic
discourse.
SpecializedBanks
1.
ZTBL
TheZarai
Taraqiati Bank Limited It is also
known as
AgriculturalDevelopment
Bank
of Pakistan (ADBP).
It
is the premier
financialinstitution geared
towardsthe development of
theagricultural
sector
through the provision of
financial services and
technicalknow-how.
2.
IDBP
IndustrialDevelopment
Bank of Pakistan is one of Pakistan's oldest
developments
financinginstitution
created with theprimary
objective of extendingterm
finance for
investment
in the manufacturing sector and SME
Sector of the economy.
3.
SME Bank
SMEbank
Ltd was established to exclusively cater to
the needs of
theSME
sector.
It was created to address
theneeds of this niche
marketwith specialized
financial
products
and services that will help
stimulateSME development and
pro poorgrowth in
the
country.
Non
Banking
FinancialCompanies
Non-bankfinancial
companies (NBFCs) also known as a
non-bank or a
non-bank.Banks
arefinancial
institutions thatprovide
banking services withoutmeeting
the legaldefinition
of
a bank, i.e. one that
doesnot hold a banking
license.Operations are,
regardless of this,
still
exercised under bank
regulation.However this
depends on thejurisdiction, as in
some
jurisdictions,such
as New Zealand, anycompany
can do the business of banking, and
there
arenot
banking licenses issued.
Non-bankinstitutions frequently
acts as suppliers of
loans
and
credit facilities,
supportinginvestments in property,
providing services relating to
eventswithin
peoples lives such as
funding private
education,wealth management and
retirementplanning.
However they aretypically
not allowed to take deposits
from the
generalpublic
and have to findother means
of funding theiroperations
such as issuing debt
instruments.
In India, most NBFCs
raisecapital through
ChitFunds.
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Management
of Financial Institutions - MGT
604
VU
InvestmentCompanies
Generally,
an "investment company" is a
company(corporation, business
trust,partnership,
or
Limited Liability
Company)that issues
securities and is primarily engaged in
the
business
of investing in securities.
An
investment company
investsthe money it receives
frominvestors on a
collectivebasis,
and
each investor shares in
theprofits and losses in
proportion to the investor's
interest in
theinvestment
company.
Theperformance
of the investmentcompany will be
based on (but it won't be
identicalto)
theperformance
of the securities and other
assets that theinvestment
companyowns.
BrokerageHouses
Stockbrokers
assist people in investing,online
only companies arecalled
'discount
brokerages',
companies with a branch
presenceare called 'full
service brokerages' or 'private
client
services.
LeasingCompanies
A
lease or tenancy is theright
to use or occupypersonal
property or realproperty
given by a
lessor
to another person (usually
calledthe lessee or tenant)
for a fixed or
indefiniteperiod
of
time, whereby the
lesseeobtains exclusive
possession of the property in
return forpaying
the
lessor a fixed or
determinableconsideration
(payment).
InsuranceCompanies
Insurance
companies may be classified as
1.
Lifeinsurancecompanies,
whichsell life
insurance,annuities and pensions
products.
2.
Non-lifeor
general
insurancecompanies,
whichsell other types of
insurance.
MutualFunds
An
investment, which is comprised, of a
pool of funds collected
frommany investors
forthe
purpose
of investing in securities such as stocks,
bonds, money
marketsecurities and
similar
assets.Mutual
funds are operated by money
mangers, which investthe
fund's capital and
attempt
to produce capital gains and
incomefor the fund's
investors. A mutual
fund's
portfolio
is structured and maintained to
matchthe investment
objectivesstated in
its
prospectus.
FinancialInstitution
Functions
Financialinstitutions
provide a service as intermediaries of
the capital and debt
markets.
Theyare
responsible fortransferring
funds frominvestors to companies, in
need of those
funds.The
presence of financialinstitutions
facilitates theflow of
monies throughthe
economy.
To do so, savings
accountsare pooled to
mitigate therisk brought by
individual
accountholders
in order to providefunds for
loans. Such is the primary
meansfor
depositoryinstitutions
to develop revenue.Should
the yield curvebecome
inverse, firms in
thisarena
will offer additionalfee-generating
services includingsecurities
underwriting,
sales
& trading, and prime
brokerage.
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