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TIME VALUE OF MONEY:Future Value, Present Value

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Money & Banking ­ MGT411
VU
Lesson 8
TIME VALUE OF MONEY
Time Value of Money
Future Value Concepts
Present value
Application in financial environment
Time Value of Money
Credit is one of the critical mechanisms we have for allocating resources.
Even the simplest financial transaction, like saving some of your paycheck each month to buy a
car, would be impossible.
Corporations, most of which survive from day to day by borrowing to finance their activities,
would not be able to function.
Yet even so, most people still take a dim view of the fact that lenders charge interest.
The main reason for the enduring unpopularity of interest comes from the failure to appreciate
the fact that lending has an opportunity cost.
Think of it from the point of view of the lender.
Extending a loan means giving up the alternatives. While lenders can eventually recoup the sum
they lend, neither the time that the loan was outstanding nor the opportunities missed during that
time can be gotten back.
So interest isn't really "the breeding of money from money,'' as Aristotle put it; it's more like a
rental fee that borrowers must pay lenders to compensate them for lost opportunities.
It's no surprise that in today's world, interest rates are of enormous importance to virtually
everyone
Individuals, businesses, and governments
They link the present to the future, allowing us to compare payments made on different dates.
Interest rates also tell us the future reward for lending today, as well as the cost of borrowing
now and repaying later.
To make sound financial decisions, we must learn how to calculate and compare different rates
on various financial instruments
Future Value
Future Value is the value on some future date of an investment made today.
To calculate future value we multiply the present value by the interest rate and add that amount
of interest to the present value.
PV
+
Interest
=
FV
PV
+
PV*i
=
FV
$100 + $100(0.05)
= $105
PV = Present Value
FV = Future Value
i = interest rate (as a percentage)
The higher the interest rate (or the amount invested) the higher the future value.
Future Value in one year
FV = PV*(1+i)
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Money & Banking ­ MGT411
VU
Now we need to figure out what happens when the time to repayment varies
When we consider investments with interest payments made for more than one year we need to
consider compound interest, or the fact that interest will be paid on interest
Future Value in two years
$100+$100(0.05) +$100(0.05) + $5(0.05) =$110.25
Present Value of the Initial Investment + Interest on the initial investment in the 1st Year + Interest on
the initial investment in the 2nd Year+ Interest on the Interest from the 1stYear in the 2nd Year
= Future Value in Two Years
General Formula for compound interest ­ Future value of an investment of PV in n years at interest rate
i (measured as a decimal, or 5% = .05)
FVn = PV*(1+i)  n
Table: Computing the Future Value of $100 at 5% annual interest rate
Years into future
Computation
Future value
1
$100(0.5)
$105.00
2
2
$100(0.5)
$110.25
3
3
$100(0.5)
$115.76
4
4
$100(0.5)
$121.55
5
5
$100(0.5)
$127.63
10
10
$100(0.5)
$162.89
Note:
Both n and i must be measured in same time units--if i is annual, then n must be in years, so future
value of $100 in 18 months at 5% is
FV = 100 *(1+.05)1.5
How useful it is?
If you put $1,000 per year into bank at 4% interest, how much would you have saved after 40
years?
Taking help of future value concept, the accumulated amount through the saving will be
$98,826 ­ more than twice the $40,000 you invested
How does it work?
The first $1,000 is deposited for 40 years so its future value is
$1,000 x (1.04)40 = 4,801.02
The 2nd $1,000 is deposited for 39 years so its future value is
$1,000 x (1.04)39 = 4,616.37
And so on.....up to the $1,000 deposited in the 40th year
Adding up all the future values gives you the amount of $98,826
Present Value
Present Value (PV) is the value today (in the present) of a payment that is promised to be made
in the future. OR
Present Value is the amount that must be invested today in order to realize a specific amount on
a given future date.
To calculate present value we invert the future value calculation;
We divide future value by one plus the interest rate (to find the present value of a payment to be
made one year from now).
Solving the Future Value Equation
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Money & Banking ­ MGT411
VU
FV = PV*(1+i)
Present Value of an amount received in one year.
Example:
$100 received in one year, i=5%
PV=$100/ (1+.05) = $95.24
Note:
FV = PV*(1+i) = $95.24*(1.05) = $100
For payments to be made more than one year from now we divide future value by one plus the
interest rate raised to the nth power where n is the number of years
Present Value of $100 received n years in the future:
Example
Present Value of $100 received in 2 ½ years and an interest rate of 8%.
PV = $100 / (1.08)2.5 = $82.50
Note:
FV =$82.50 * (1.08)2.5 = $100
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Table of Contents:
  1. TEXT AND REFERENCE MATERIAL & FIVE PARTS OF THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM
  2. FIVE CORE PRINCIPLES OF MONEY AND BANKING:Time has Value
  3. MONEY & THE PAYMENT SYSTEM:Distinctions among Money, Wealth, and Income
  4. OTHER FORMS OF PAYMENTS:Electronic Funds Transfer, E-money
  5. FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES:Indirect Finance, Financial and Economic Development
  6. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS & FINANCIAL MARKETS:Primarily Stores of Value
  7. FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS:The structure of the financial industry
  8. TIME VALUE OF MONEY:Future Value, Present Value
  9. APPLICATION OF PRESENT VALUE CONCEPTS:Compound Annual Rates
  10. BOND PRICING & RISK:Valuing the Principal Payment, Risk
  11. MEASURING RISK:Variance, Standard Deviation, Value at Risk, Risk Aversion
  12. EVALUATING RISK:Deciding if a risk is worth taking, Sources of Risk
  13. BONDS & BONDS PRICING:Zero-Coupon Bonds, Fixed Payment Loans
  14. YIELD TO MATURIRY:Current Yield, Holding Period Returns
  15. SHIFTS IN EQUILIBRIUM IN THE BOND MARKET & RISK
  16. BONDS & SOURCES OF BOND RISK:Inflation Risk, Bond Ratings
  17. TAX EFFECT & TERM STRUCTURE OF INTEREST RATE:Expectations Hypothesis
  18. THE LIQUIDITY PREMIUM THEORY:Essential Characteristics of Common Stock
  19. VALUING STOCKS:Fundamental Value and the Dividend-Discount Model
  20. RISK AND VALUE OF STOCKS:The Theory of Efficient Markets
  21. ROLE OF FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES:Pooling Savings
  22. ROLE OF FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES (CONTINUED):Providing Liquidity
  23. BANKING:The Balance Sheet of Commercial Banks, Assets: Uses of Funds
  24. BALANCE SHEET OF COMMERCIAL BANKS:Bank Capital and Profitability
  25. BANK RISK:Liquidity Risk, Credit Risk, Interest-Rate Risk
  26. INTEREST RATE RISK:Trading Risk, Other Risks, The Globalization of Banking
  27. NON- DEPOSITORY INSTITUTIONS:Insurance Companies, Securities Firms
  28. SECURITIES FIRMS (Continued):Finance Companies, Banking Crisis
  29. THE GOVERNMENT SAFETY NET:Supervision and Examination
  30. THE GOVERNMENT'S BANK:The Bankers' Bank, Low, Stable Inflation
  31. LOW, STABLE INFLATION:High, Stable Real Growth
  32. MEETING THE CHALLENGE: CREATING A SUCCESSFUL CENTRAL BANK
  33. THE MONETARY BASE:Changing the Size and Composition of the Balance Sheet
  34. DEPOSIT CREATION IN A SINGLE BANK:Types of Reserves
  35. MONEY MULTIPLIER:The Quantity of Money (M) Depends on
  36. TARGET FEDERAL FUNDS RATE AND OPEN MARKET OPERATION
  37. WHY DO WE CARE ABOUT MONETARY AGGREGATES?The Facts about Velocity
  38. THE FACTS ABOUT VELOCITY:Money Growth + Velocity Growth = Inflation + Real Growth
  39. THE PORTFOLIO DEMAND FOR MONEY:Output and Inflation in the Long Run
  40. MONEY GROWTH, INFLATION, AND AGGREGATE DEMAND
  41. DERIVING THE MONETARY POLICY REACTION CURVE
  42. THE AGGREGATE DEMAND CURVE:Shifting the Aggregate Demand Curve
  43. THE AGGREGATE SUPPLY CURVE:Inflation Shocks
  44. EQUILIBRIUM AND THE DETERMINATION OF OUTPUT AND INFLATION
  45. SHIFTS IN POTENTIAL OUTPUT AND REAL BUSINESS CYCLE THEORY