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STEREOTYPING – A TYPICAL HURDLE IN MASS COMMUNICATION:Stereotype Groups

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Introduction to Mass Communication ­ MCM 101
VU
LESSON 12
STEREOTYPING ­ A TYPICAL HURDLE IN MASS COMMUNICATION
Ever since the emergence of mass communication, the media has been facing a problem of
stereotyping in sending information across. This perhaps is the only area which even a layman can easily
point out to and hold the mass media responsible for practicing and promoting what, by a common sense,
is far from reality.
Although stereotyping has its origin from ordinary human communication and the chronic problem which
mankind is finding difficult to ward off, it has been strengthened particularly by the media of mass
communication over the years.
Media stereotypes are some time inevitable, especially in the advertising, entertainment and news industries,
which need as wide an audience as possible to quickly understand information. Stereotypes act like codes
that give audiences a quick, common understanding of a person or group of people--usually relating to
their class, ethnicity or race, gender, social role or occupation ­ true or false is left on the people who
receive the information.
As we get close to understanding the mass communication in its various forms, it is pertinent to mark this
peculiar area which is widely in practice in news, views, scripts, TV/ radio shows and, honestly, in common
remarks on mass media.
What is stereotyping?
Stereotypes are ideas held by some individuals about members of particular groups, based solely on
their attitude. They are often used in a negative or prejudicial sense and are frequently used to justify certain
discriminatory behaviors.
Stereotypes are a generalization of characteristics; they reduce complexity, provide stability and also can
offer opportunities to identify themselves with others.
In common practice we assume a certain attitude by a group of people and start using our assumption as a
reality and thereafter all our analysis are based on our assumption. Problem is compounded when listeners
(receivers) also start taking the assumption for granted and so a wrong done once continues to cast shadows
in our communication which at times results in complete disaster.
Global Phenomenon
The stereotyping in communication, which has its origin in printing process, is a global
phenomenon and hurting the mass media alike all over. The preconceived assumption about people, or
group of people in the form of nationality, ethnicity and cast and in business matters, is holding strong
ground in communication and the experts are still striving to get out of this menace. One solution is to
make media people aware of it so that its usage may be reduced.
One Example from Hinterland
Pakistan has produced some finest hockey players from a small town called Gojra ­ besides from
Karachi, Lahore, Faisalabad and Sialkot. But still Gojra stands distinguished in this matter. Now, there is a
hockey coach who has not seen two hockey players but asked to include one in the team. One of the players
belongs to Gojra and the other from little known town (in the sense of producing hockey players)
Nawabshah, for instance.
What the coach would do in general, is any body's guess. To economize time and effort and, in his own way
to justify selection, the coach would not bet on one from Nawabshah. If he takes in the one from
Nawabshah, the coach may be criticized for experimentation, favoring or showing prejudice to Gojra etc.
Who can risk against such strong stereotyping.
Stereotype Groups
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Introduction to Mass Communication ­ MCM 101
VU
Not in sports, but stereotyping is found in scores of ways. Let's see the common stereotype groups
based on:
·
Age
·
Race
·
Ethnicity
·
Gender
·
Nationality
·
Religious belief
·
Profession
·
Social class
Stereotypes can also be based on an individual's physical size, handicaps or other characteristic like the
blinds.
About all the above mentioned groups we attach a particular behavior and characteristics which, if
examined individually on every member of the group, may not prove true.
Islamic (religious) Approach
Every individual is responsible for its individual deeds and not be seen as what cast, creed or tribe
he/she belongs to at the time of justice on dooms day, is only to defy stereotyping approach towards
human beings.
Media transform assumptions into realities
The sore point in media stereotyping is that by the (over) use of certain ideas people (receivers)
start believing a truth in what is being said. It is a common sight watching plays in theater, or in comic
stories especially, to portray a group of people standing for certain characteristics. The worst is ethnic
division. In early Urdu dramas, the role of baser nature characters was assigned to certain ethnic people, it
continued in TV plays for sometime till a strong voices in opposition were raised.
Commercial Interest in Stereotyping ­ A Case Study
This example has been taken from US media where stereotyping is being opposed very vehemently
in recent years.
Beauty Image in the Media
Images of female sell everything from food to cars. Popular film and television actresses are
becoming younger, taller and thinner. Some have even been known to faint on the set from lack of food.
Women's magazines are full of articles urging that if they can just lose those last twenty pounds, they'll have
it all--the perfect marriage, loving children and a rewarding career.
Why are standards of beauty being imposed on women? The roots, some analysts say, are economic. By
presenting an ideal difficult to achieve and maintain the cosmetic and diet product industries are assured of
growth and profits. And it's no accident that youth is increasingly promoted, along with thinness, as an
essential criterion of beauty. If not all women need to lose weight, for sure they're all aging, says the Quebec
Action Network for Women's Health in its 2001 report (French) Changements sociaux en faveur de la
diversitι des images corporelles. And, according to the industry, age is a disaster that needs to be dealt with.
The stakes are huge. On the one hand, women who are insecure about their bodies are more likely to buy
beauty products, new clothes, and diet aids. It is estimated that the diet industry alone is worth $100 billion
(U.S.) a year. On the other hand, research indicates that exposure to images of thin, young, air-brushed
female bodies is linked to depression, loss of self-esteem and the development of unhealthy eating habits in
women and girls.
How much stereotyping can damage a group is so much despised by experts. To quote one:
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Introduction to Mass Communication ­ MCM 101
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"We don't need Afghan-style burquas to disappear as women. We disappear in reverse--by revamping and
revealing our bodies to meet externally imposed visions of female beauty." - Robin Gerber, author and
motivational speaker.
The American research group Anorexia Nervosa & Related Eating Disorders, Inc. says that one out of
every four college-aged women uses unhealthy methods of weight control--including fasting, skipping
meals, excessive exercise, laxative abuse, and self-induced vomiting.
In 2003, Teen magazine reported that 35 per cent of girls 6 to 12 years old have been on at least one diet,
and that 50 to 70 per cent of normal weight girls believe they are overweight.
Media activist Jean Kilbourne concludes, "Women are sold to the diet industry by the magazines we read
and the television programs we watch, almost all of which make us feel anxious about our weight."
Unattainable Beauty
Perhaps most disturbing is the fact that media images of female beauty (stereotyping) are
unattainable for all but a very small number of women. Researchers generating a computer model of a
woman with Barbie-doll proportions, for example, found that her back would be too weak to support the
weight of her upper body, and her body would be too narrow to contain more than half a liver and a few
centimeters of bowel. A real woman built that way would suffer from chronic diarrhea and eventually die
from malnutrition.
Still, the number of real life women and girls who seek a similarly underweight body is epidemic, and they
can suffer equally devastating health consequences, due to unhindered use of stereotyping in the mass
media.
Self-Improvement or Self-Destruction
The barrage of messages about thinness, dieting and beauty tells "ordinary" women that they are
always in need of adjustment--and that the female body is an object to be perfected. (This the media does
not say about men. Why? Because they are not stereotyped this way).
Jean Kilbourne argues that the overwhelming presence of media images of painfully thin women means that
real women's bodies have become invisible in the mass media. The real tragedy, she says, is that many
women internalize these stereotypes, and judge themselves by the beauty industry's standards. Women learn
to compare themselves to other women. This focus on beauty and desirability "effectively destroys any
awareness and action that might help to change that climate."
This case study does not end here. In fact all stereotyping used so frequently in the mass media fetches the
same result. It is here that students of mass communication are told to be aware of using terms which carry
stereotyping more carefully and in the sense that they may not be used at the cost of individuals in the
groups formed by the stereotyping-approach for its own convenience.
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Table of Contents:
  1. MASS COMMUNICATION – AN OVERVIEW:Relationships, Power
  2. EARLY MASS COMMUNICATION AND PRINTING TECHNOLOGY
  3. SEVEN CENTURIES OF MASS COMMUNICATION – FROM PRINTING TO COMPUTER
  4. ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION AND EARLY COMMUNICATION MODELS
  5. COMMUNICATION MODELS – GRAPHIC PRESENTATION OF COMPLEX ISSUES
  6. TYPES AND FORMS OF COMMUNICATION:Inter personal, Combination
  7. MESSAGE – ROOT OF COMMUNICATION I:VERBAL MESSAGE, Static Evaluation
  8. MESSAGE – ROOT OF COMMUNICATION II:Conflicts, Brevity of Message
  9. EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION:Helping Out Others, Relaxation
  10. COMMUNICATION AND CULTURE:Enculturation, Acculturation
  11. LANGUAGE IN COMMUNICATION:Polarization, Labeling, Static meanings
  12. STEREOTYPING – A TYPICAL HURDLE IN MASS COMMUNICATION:Stereotype Groups
  13. MASS MEDIA – HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE:Early analysis on manuscripts
  14. EMERGENCE OF PRINT MEDIA AROUND THE WORLD:Colonial journalism
  15. TELEGRAPH DOES MIRACLE IN DISTANCE COMMUNICATION TELEX AND TELEPHONE ENTHRALL PRINT COMMUNICATION
  16. TYPES OF PRINT MEDIA:Newspapers, Magazines, Books
  17. PRESS FREEDOM, LAWS AND ETHICS – NEW DEBATE RAGING STILL HARD
  18. INDUSTRIALIZATION OF PRINT PROCESSES:Lithography, Offset printing
  19. EFFECTS OF PRINT MEDIA ON SOCIETY:Economic ideas, Politics
  20. ADVERTISING – HAND IN HAND WITH MEDIA:Historical background
  21. RENAISSANCE AND SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION: ROLE OF PRINT MEDIA:Science
  22. RECAP:Elements of communication, Books, Printing, Verbal Message
  23. MEDIA MANAGEMENT:Division, Business section, Press
  24. IMAGES IN MASS COMMUNICATION – INVENTION OF PHOTOGRAPHY:Portrait photography
  25. MOTION PICTURES – A NEW WAY IN MASS COMMUNICATION-I:Definition
  26. MOTION PICTURES – A NEW WAY IN MASS COMMUNICATION (Cont...):Post-Studio Era
  27. FILM MEDIA IN SUBCONTINENT AND PAKISTAN-I:Accusations of plagiarism
  28. FILM MEDIA IN SUBCONTINENT AND PAKISTAN (II) & ITS EFFECTS:First Color film
  29. PROPAGANDA:Types in another manner, Propaganda in revolutions
  30. RADIO – A BREAKTHROUGH IN MASS COMMUNICATION:What to broadcast
  31. EFFECTS OF RADIO ON SOCIETY:Entertainment, Information, Jobs
  32. TELEVISION – A NEW DIMENSION IN MASS COMMUNICATION:Early Discoveries
  33. TV IN PAKISTAN:Enthusiasm, Live Broadcast, PTV goes colored
  34. EFFECTS OF TELEVISION ON SOCIETY:Seeing is believing, Fashion
  35. PUBLIC RELATIONS AND MASS COMMUNICATION - I:History, Case Study
  36. PUBLIC RELATIONS AND MASS COMMUNICATION - II:Audience targeting
  37. ADVERTISING BEYOND PRINT MEDIA:Covert advertising
  38. IMPACT OF ADVERTISING:Trial, Continuity, Brand Switching, Market Share
  39. MEDIA THEORIES:Libertarian Theory, Social Responsibility Theory
  40. NEW MEDIA IN MASS COMMUNICATION:Technology forcing changes
  41. GLOBALIZATION OF MEDIA:Media and consumerism, Media centralization
  42. MEDIA MERGENCE:Radio, TV mergence, Economic reasons
  43. MASS MEDIA IN PRESENT AGE:Magazine, Radio, TV
  44. CRITICISM ON MEDIA:Sensationalize, Biasness, Private life, obscenity
  45. RECAP:Legends of South Asian Film Industry, Radio, Television, PTV goes colored