RESEARCH WRITING AND DOCUMNETING SOURCES:Handling Long Quotations

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Journalistic Writing MCM310

LECTURE 27

RESEARCH WRITING AND DOCUMNETING SOURCES

Research writing steps:

1. Select a topic.

2. Frame a central research question and set of sub-questions.

3. Survey the topic.

4. Locate materials.

5. Re-evaluate your topic and research strategy.

6. Evaluate your sources.

7. Work with your sources.

8. Develop your thesis and supporting argument.

9. Use sources fairly and accurately by integrating and citing your sources.

10. Revise

11. Edit and Proofread

Why Use Global Format (APA, MLA etc.)?

· Allows readers to cross-reference your sources easily:

This cross-referencing system allows readers to locate the publication information of source material. This

is of great value for researchers who may want to locate your sources for their own research projects.

Provides consistent format within a discipline:

Using standard APA or MLA properly will allow you to communicate more effectively with other

researchers who also use these formats. When a style is used consistently, others can easily find where

you've listed your resources.

Gives you credibility as a writer:

The proper use of global format shows the credibility of writers; such writers show accountability to their

source material.

Protects yourself from plagiarism

Plagiarism is a serious offense not only in the university system but also in the professional and intellectual

circles, and may result in punishments.

APA Style: Two Main Concerns

· Reference Page

Parenthetical Citations

Reference Page

Most citations should contain the following basic information:

· Author's name

Title of work

Publication information

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Example:

O'Connor. (1990). Express Yourself in Written English. Illinois: NTS

References: Some Examples

Book

Shay, J. (1994). Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and the undoing of character. New York: Touchstone.

Article

Magazine

Klein, J. (1998, October 5). Dizzy days The New Yorker pages 40-45

Web

page

Poland, D. (1998, October 26). The hot button Roughcut Retrieved October

28,

1998

from

http://www.roughcut.com

newspaper

article

Tommasini, A. (1998, October 27). Master teachers whose artistry glows in private New York Times page

source

with

known

author

Cigarette sales fall 30% as California tax rises. (1999, September 14). New York Times page A17

When Should You Use Parenthetical Citations?

· When quoting any words that are not your own

Quoting means to repeat another source word for word, using quotation marks

When summarizing facts and ideas from a source

Summarizing means to take ideas from a large passage of another source and condense them,

using your own words

When paraphrasing a source

Paraphrasing means to use the ideas from another source but change the phrasing into your

own words

Keys to Parenthetical Citations

Most citations should contain the following basic information:

· Author's name

Publication

Page

Example:

"Seek first to understand, then to be understood." (Covey, 1992, p.45)

Handling Quotes in Your Text

· Author's last name, publication year, and page number(s) of quote must appear in the text

Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently entails a "delayed, uncontrolled repetitive

appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena" (p.11)

A traumatic response frequently entails a "delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of

hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena" (Caruth, 1996, p.11).

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Journalistic Writing MCM310

Handling Parenthetical Citations

Sometimes additional information is necessary . . .

1. More than one author with the same last name

(H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880)

2. Two or more works in the same parentheses

(Caruth, 1996; Fussell, 1975; Showalter, 1997)

3. Work with six or more authors

(Smith et al, 1998)

4. Specific part of a source

(Jones, 1995, chap. 2)

5. If the source has no known author, then use an abbreviated version of the title:

Full Title: "California Cigarette Tax Deters Smokers"

Citation: ("California," 1999)

6. A reference to a personal communication:

Source: email message from C. Everett Koop

Citation: (C. E. Koop, personal communication, May 16, 1998)

7. A

general

reference

web

site

Source: Bartleby Resources

Citation:

(http://www.bartleby.com)

Recently, the history of warfare has been significantly revised by Higonnet et al (1987), Marcus (1989), and

Raitt and Tate (1997) to include women's personal and cultural responses to battle and its resultant traumatic

effects. Feminist researchers now concur that "It is no longer true to claim that women's responses to the war

have been ignored" (Raitt & Tate, p. 2). Though these studies focus solely on women's experiences, they err by

collectively perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions originating in Fussell (1975) and Bergonzi (1996).

However, Tylee (1990) further criticizes Fussell, arguing that his study "treated memory and culture as if they

belonged to a sphere beyond the existence of individuals or the control of institutions" (p. 6).

CROSS-REFERENCING: USING MLA FORMAT

MLA Style: Two Parts

· Works Cited Page

Parenthetical Citations

Works Cited

Most citations should contain the following basic information:

· Author's name

Title of work

Publication information

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Works Cited: Some Examples

Book

Byatt, A. S. Babel Tower. New York: Random House, 1996.

Article in a Magazine

Klein, Joe. "Dizzy Days" The New Yorker 5 Oct. 1998: 40-45.

Web page

Poland, Dave. "The Hot Button" Roughcut 26 Oct. 1998. Turner Network Television 28 Oct. 1998

<www.roughcut.com>.

A newspaper article

Tommasini, Anthony. "Master Teachers Whose Artistry Glows in Private" New York Times 27 Oct. 1998: B2.

A source with no known author

"Cigarette Sales Fall 30% as California Tax Rises." New York Times 14 Sept. 1999: A17.

A TV interview

McGwire, Mark. Interview with Matt Lauer, the Today Show NBC WTHR, Indianapolis 22 Oct. 1998

A personal interview

Mellencamp, John. Personal interview 27 Oct. 1998

Keys to Parenthetical Citations

Most citations should contain the following basic information:

· Author's name

Page

Example:

"Seek first to understand, then to be understood" (Covey, p.45).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful

feelings" (263).

Handling Parenthetical Citations: Sometimes more information is necessary

More than one author with the same last name

(W. Wordsworth 23); (D. Wordsworth 224)

More than one work by the same author

(Joyce, Portrait 121); (Joyce, Ulysses 556)

Different volumes of a multivolume work

(1: 336)

Citing indirect sources

(Johnson qtd. in Boswell 2:450)

If the source has no known author, then use an abbreviated version of the title:

Full Title: "California Cigarette Tax Deters Smokers"

Citation: ("California" A14)

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If the source is only one page in length or is a web page with no apparent pagination:

Source: Dave Poland's "Hot Button" web column

Citation: (Poland)

Handling Long Quotations

David becomes identified and defined by James Steerforth, a young man with whom David is acquainted from

his days at Salem House. Before meeting Steerforth, David accepts Steerforth's name as an authoritative

power:

There was an old door in this playground, on which the boys had a custom of carving their names. . . .

In my dread of the end of the vacation and their coming back, I could not read a boy's name, without inquiring

in what tone and with what emphasis he would read, "Take care of him. He bites." There was one boy--a

certain J. Steerforth--who cut his name very deep and very often, who I conceived, would read it in a rather

strong voice, and afterwards pull my hair. (Dickens 68)

For Steerforth, naming becomes an act of possession, as well as exploitation. Steerforth names David

for his fresh look and innocence, but also uses the name Daisy to exploit David's romantic tendencies (Dyson

122).

Source: http://www.apastyle.org

http://www.mla.org/

Purdue University Sources

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