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Introduction
To
PublicAdministrationMGT111
VU
LESSON
01
INTRODUCTION
Thecourse
on Public Administration/Managementhas
followingobjectives:
1.
Understand
the concept of public administration/
management/organization
2.
Understand
the evolution of the concept of public
administration and its importance
3.
Understand
the role of government
4.
Understand
the role and core functions
of public manager
5.
Understand
the structure of government
/organizations
6.
Create
understanding about the skills required by the
publicmanager in
impartingduties
7.
Understand
the changing role of government
androle of
publicmanagers.
Importance
of Course: Thecourse
on public administration/management is important as
every citizen
mustunderstand
the functioning of government. Besides, whether
one works in private or
public
organization,
or one is doing ones
ownbusiness or whatever the
profession, this course is useful as it
helps
understandorganizations
and theirfunctioning. It
also helps us understand the
environment in which we
areworking.
Introduction:
definitions, concepts &
setting
At
the end of lecture the students should
be able to understanding:
·
The meaning of PA
·
The practice of public administration
(PA)
·
Public administration as a subject of
study
·
Definition of Public administration
·
Public administration, democracy and rights of
citizens
The
Meaning
Theword
`administration' has been derived from
Latin words `ad' = to and
`ministiare' =
serveand
`Public'
=people or citizens
Thus
the word administration means to execute
the policy of government to
servepublic.
Management
is also defined as Cooperative
humanendeavour to achieve given
goals.Traditionally
management
is also defined as Management = POSDCORB
which stands for Planning,
Organizing,
Staffing,
Directing, Coordination, Reporting,
Budgeting.
In
general administration and
managementare
usedinterchangeably.
PublicAdministration
A
public administration as a practice is as
old as the human
civilization.When human
beingsstarted
living
in society in an organized way they
started the practice of administration,
because they started to
live
cooperatively
in society. It is said that when a
man tried to left a
stoneand was unable to do so
alone and
was
helped by another man, the practice of
`management/administration began.
EgyptianPyramids
(1491BC)
Youmust
have seen Egyptianpyramids
and must havethought
how
suchhuge
structure was built.The
construction of Egyptian pyramids in
1491
is
an example of practice of administration, as it
involved cooperative effort
of
thousands of people.
Mohenjodaro
and Harrapa
In
Pakistan Mohenjodaro and Harrapa
civilizations are a magnificent example of
practice of
administration.
The two cities
hadwell planned roads,
granary,wells and walls
around the city to protect
it.
Suchplanning
of city shows that the
rulers managed the city well.
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Introduction
To
PublicAdministrationMGT111
VU
So
we can say that public
administration as a practice is old as
civilization But Public
Administration
as a discipline to be taught in formal
educationalinstitution, started after
WorldWar I
(1914),
in USA and then in Europe.
The emergence of public administration as
discipline in USA and
Europewas
due to the changing role of government.
The Great Depression in USA
and Europebrought
largescale
unemployment and lowwages,
and falling demandfor
goods. It was feltthat in
these
circumstances
the government should invest to provide
jobs.Thus, the role of government
wasseen as
prime
mover in economy.
WhyPublic
Administration ReceivedImpetus as A
Subject?
Followingwere
the reasons for the emergence of
public administration as a
subject:-
1.
Expanding welfare
role(distributive) of the
government
2.
The emergence of
privatesector and regulatory role, of
government
3.
The need for increased
efficiency in the Organization
4.
Development of Science
andTechnology
5.
Better management of public
mattersthrough training in
USA
Definition
of Public Administration
Now
we will look at
variousdefinitions of public
administration to better comprehend the
concept:
"Publicadministration....
is the action part of government, the means by
which the purposesand
goals
of government are realized".
`Public
administration as a field is mainly
concernedwith the means for
implementing political
values..."
"Theprocess
of public administration consists of the
actions involved in effecting the intent
or
desire
of a government. It is thus the continuously
active,`business' part of government,
concerned
withcarrying
out the law, as made by legislative
bodies (or
otherauthoritative
agents)and
interpreted
by the courts, through the processes of
organization and management."
It
is a cooperative group effort in a
publicsetting;
It
covers all the threebranches
--- executive,legislative,
and judicial -- and
their
interrelationships;
Allthese
definitions explain us different
dimension of the subjects.These
definitions
mightconfuse
us
and we might say
thatthere is really no
suchsubject as "public
administration,"but rather
thatpublic
administration
means different things to
differentobservers and lacks
a significant common theoretical or
applied
meaning, or we might saythat
public administration is
everywhere:-
Buttwo
things definitely emergefrom the
above definition.These
are:-
1.
The study of public administration
overlaps a number of other
disciplines,including
political
science,
sociology, economics, psychology,
andbusiness administration.
and
2.
Public administration is the use of
managerial,political, and
legaltheories and processes
to
fulfill
the goals of government (welfare of
public).
(Institutions)
(Citizens)
(Government)
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Introduction
To
PublicAdministrationMGT111
VU
Now
before we further proceed to
understandpublic administration we need
to understand certain
conceptslike
and state and government.
The diagram showsthat
citizens of any countryare
user of services
andprovider
of services.
Institutions
of State
Theinstitutions
of state are as
follows:-
Legislature:Parliament
(National andProvincial
Assemblies) makeslaws for
the organization
Judiciary:(Supreme
Court & ProvincialCourts) -
and SessionCourts)
interpretlaws
Executive
( National, Provincial)
implementslaws
TheMinistries,
Division, Departments/Directorates
are the organizationsthat
function under the
executive
to implement law. For example the police department
has the responsibility to maintain peace
&
order
Government
Government
is process of governing. It is the use of power
derived from the law that
is
made/approve
by the legislature. It is means,
methods,manner, or system of
governingsociety and
organization.
The
government of Islamic Republic of Pakistan
derivesits systems and
methodsfrom the
Constitution(1973).
Article 90-99 of the Constitution
gives provisionfor Rules of
Business. TheRules of
Business1973
provide. The roles, responsibilities
and function of government organizations
(ministries,
departmentsetc)
What
is Democracy
When
we talk of state and government it is
important to mention that what
form of government
Pakistanhas.
Pakistan is a parliamentaryDemocracy.
The worddemocracy is a Greek
wordwhere "demos"
mean
people and "Krates"
meansauthority.
Values
of Democracy
Democracieshave
certain values andthese
are:-
Individualism
Equality
Liberty
Individualism
Individualismmeans
that the dignity
andintegrity of individual is of
supreme importance. It
suggeststhat
achieving the fullestpotential of
each individual is the best
measure of the success of
political
systemand
government
Equality
Allnormal
individuals are equal in
their talents but
alsoeach individual has an
equalclaim to life,
libertyand
the pursuit to happiness
Liberty
Citizens
should have the right to the
maximumopportunity to select
ownpurpose in life
and
choosemeans
to accomplish these.The citizen should be
facilitated rather than hindered in their pursuit
to
a
meaningful life.
Concepts
Thestudents
must understand the following
concepts:-
Organization:
Thestructure
and framework created to perform
certain
functions
to achieve goals.
Management:
Cooperative
human effort to
achievegoals
Process:
a
systematic mechanism to complete an
activity
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Introduction
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PublicAdministrationMGT111
VU
Efficiency:
Efficiency
= Output: Efficiency relates to
maximization of goals
Input
example: 10 →
output
= 2 = efficient
4
→
input
10
= 1.66 =
lessefficient.
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Government:
A
government is the process of governing, it
comprise
organization,
system, rules etc.
State:
As
State has
territorialjurisdiction, it has people
andinstitutions.
Democracy:
Democracy
is a form of government in which people
has
authorityand
right to elect
theirrepresentative.
Democraticvalues:
Democratic
values are life, liberty
& individualism.
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